Tissue, human adipose

Le Bel GL, Williams DT. 1986. Determination of halogenated contaminants in human adipose tissue. 

Fatty acids are synthesized by an extramitochondrial system, which is responsible for the complete synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. In the rat, the pathway is well represented in adipose tissue and liver, whereas in humans adipose tissue may not be an important site, and liver has only low activity. In birds, lipogenesis is confined to the liver, where it is particularly important in providing lipids for egg formation. In most mammals, glucose is the primary substrate for lipogenesis, but in ruminants it is acetate, the main fuel molecule produced by the diet. Critical diseases of the pathway have not been reported in humans. However, inhibition of lipogenesis occurs in type 1 (insulin-de-pendent) diabetes mellitus, and variations in its activity may affect the nature and extent of obesity. 

Human adipose tissue may not be an important site of lipogenesis. There is no significant incorporation of glucose or pyruvate into long-chain fatty acids ATP-... 

A triaryl phosphate ester, tributoxyethyl phosphate, was detected at a mean concentration of 11.3 ng/g in 41 of 115 human adipose tissue samples taken from cadavers from Kingston and Ottawa, Canada (LeBel and Williams 1986). Because triaryl phosphate esters have been found in Canadian drinking water and... 

Human adipose tissue Homogenization solvent extraction GPC and Florisil column clean-up Capillary GC/NPD confirmation by GC/MS Low ng/g 69-104% LeBel and Williams 1983... 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. The measurement of organophosphate esters in fish and human adipose tissue has been used to assess environmental contamination in several studies (Mayer et al. 1981). The methods are able to detect concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg in fish and 2.5 pg/kg in human adipose... 

Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Pyysalo H, Moilanen R. 1984. Influence of diet and other factors on the levels of organochlorine compounds in human adipose tissue in Finland. J Toxicol Environ Health 13 689-704. 

PCDD/PCDFs accumulate in human adipose tissue, and the level reflects the history of intake by the individual. Several factors have been shown to affect adipose tissue concentrations/body burdens, notably age, the number of children and period of breastfeeding, and dietary habits. Breast-milk represents the most useful matrix for evaluating time trends of dioxins and many other POPs. Several factors affect the PCDD/PCDFs content of human breast-milk, most notably the mothers age, the duration of breast-feeding and the fat content of the milk. Studies should therefore ideally... 

The most recent National Human Adipose Tissue Survey did not detect endrin in adipose tissues from the general U.S. population (Stanley 1986). Endrin also was not detected in adipose breast tissue from breast cancer patients (n=5) or controls (n=5) in the United States (Djordjevic et al. 1994). A 1984 study based on autopsied adipose tissue from 141 cadavers from six Canadian Great Lakes municipalities showed no detectable concentrations of endrin (detection limit 2.4 ppb) (Williams et al. 1988). In a 1990-91 survey, only very low levels of endrin (average concentration 3.27 ng/g (ppb) range 0.23-8.56 ng/g [ppb] lipid)... 

Stanley JS. 1986. Broad scan analysis of the FY82 national human adipose tissue survey specimens Volume I - executive summary. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. EPA/560/5-86/037. 

Williams DT, LeBel GL, Junkins E. 1984. A comparison of organochlorine residues in human adipose tissue autopsy samples from two Ontario municipalities. J Toxicol Environ Health 13 19-29. 

Mirex has been found in human adipose tissue (Burse et al. 1989 Kutz et al. 1974). Although the route of exposure was not specified, exposure was probably via the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. Levels of 0.16-5.94 ppm and 0.3-1.13 ppm in males and females, respectively, were found in tissue samples taken either from postmortem examinations or during surgery (Kutz et al. 1974). The adipose tissue samples came from individuals who lived in areas in which mirex was used extensively in a program to control fire ants. Adipose tissue levels of mirex ranging from 0.03 to 3.72 ppm have been found in residents living near a dump site in Tennessee (Burse et al. 1989). 

No information was located for the general population on chlordecone concentrations in human adipose tissue or blood as this compound was not included in any major national study (e.g.,... 

Holt RL, Cruse S, Greer ES. 1986. Pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human adipose tissue from Northeast Louisiana. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36(5) 651-655. 

Kutz FW, Wood PH, Bottirnore DP. 1991. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue. In Ware GW, ed. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. Seacacus, NJ Springer-Veriag, New York, Inc., 120 1-82. 

Kutz FW, Yobs kR, Johnson WG, et al. 1974. Mirex residues in human adipose tissue. Environmental Entomology 3(5) 882-884. 

Macleod KE, Hanisch RC, Lewis RG. 1982. Evaluation of gel permeation chromatography for clean up of human adipose tissue samples for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of pesticides and other chemicals. J Anal Toxicol 6(1) 38-40. 

Phillips LJ, Birchard GF. 1991a. Regional variations in human toxics exposure in the USA An analysis based on the national human adipose tissue survey. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 21 (2) 159-168. 

In an early report of the 1982 annual results of the National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS), a compound identified as di- -octylphthalate was reportedly detected in 31% of the composite human adipose tissue samples taken in the various regions of the United States that year. Concentrations in lipid ranged from below the level of detection (9 ng/sample) to a maximum of 850 ng/g (EPA 1986d). However, a later report of the 1982 results stated that the chemical detected was not di- -octylphthalate, but was actually diethylhexyl phthalate (EPA 1989b). 

Exposure Levels in Humans. This information is necessary for assessing the need to conduct health studies on these populations. Di- -oclylphthalatc has historically been reported to have been found in human adipose tissue (EPA 1986d). However, more recent information indicates that the compound detected was actually the branched di(2-ethylhexyl) isomer (EPA 1989b). Additional information on the concentrations of di-n-octylphthalate in human tissues and fluids, particularly for populations living near hazardous waste sites, is needed to assess potential human exposure to the compound. 

A method with LOQ at ppt levels was developed based on LLE followed by GC-AFID for the determination of trace concentrations of nitrobenzene, l-chloro-2-nitrobenzene and synthetic fragrances such as musk xylene (223) and musk ketone (224). The method was applied to study the distribution of these compounds in environmental samples of North Sea waters460. GC with atomic emission detection (AED) has been successfully applied to the determination of nitro musks in human adipose tissues, at ppb concentration levels. A clean-up procedure for nonpolar substances and element-specific detection with AED enabled for the first time target screening analysis for lipophilic nitro aromatic compounds. The lack of sensitivity of AED was compensated by higher concentrations of the extracts... 

Peoples AJ, Pfaffenberger CD, Shafik TM, et al. 1979. Determination of volatile purgeable halogenated hydrocarbons in human adipose tissue and blood serum. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 23 244-249. 

Unchanged heptachlor has not been detected in human adipose tissue however, heptachlor epoxide was measured in adipose tissue at levels ranging from 0.0001 to 1.12 ppm (Barquet et al. 1981 Burns 1974 Greer et al. 1980 Radomski et al. 1968 Wasserman et al. 1974) and in plasma at 0.0136 0.0057 ppm (Polishuk et al. 1977b). 

Detection of heptachlor epoxide may indicate either recent or past exposure. This compound has a long half-life, particularly in adipose tissue, because it is very lipophilic. Because of its highly lipophilic nature, heptachlor epoxide remains accumulated in adipose tissue for months to years. However, it is eventually mobilized into the serum and subsequently to the liver for further breakdown. Blood serum levels are often taken to indicate a recent exposure. Following long-term exposure, the level in the blood may be very low, but because of an equilibrium between fat and blood, it can be used to detect exposure to heptachlor epoxide. Thirty-five human adipose tissue samples were obtained during autopsy between 1987 and 1988 from residents of North Texas (Adeshina and Todd 1990). In 97% of these samples, there were measurable levels of heptachlor... 

Adeshina F, Todd EL. 1990. Organochlorine compounds in human adipose tissue from north Texas. J Toxicol Environ Health 29 147-156. 

Burns JE. 1974. Pesticides in people. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in biopsied human adipose tissue-Texas 1969-72. Pestic Monit J 7(3-4) 122-126. 

Greer ES, Miller DJ, Burscato FN, et al. 1980. Investigation of pesticide residues in human adipose tissue in the northeast Louisiana area. J Agric Food Chem 28 76-78. 

Travis CC, Hattemer-Frey HA, Arms AD. 1988. Relationship between dietary intake of organic chemicals and their concentrations in human adipose tissue and breast milk. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 17 473-478. 

Rodriguez AM, Pisani D, Dechesne CA, Turc-Carel C, Km-zenne JY, Wdziekonski B, Villageois A, Bagnis C, Breittmayer JP, Groux H, Ailhaud G. and Dani C (2005). Transplantation of a multipotent cell population from human adipose tissue induces dystrophin expression in the immunocompetent mdx mouse. J Exp Med. May 2 201(9) 1397 405. 

Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP and Hedrick MH (2001). Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue implications for cell based therapies. Tissue Eng 7 211-228. 

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