Synthesis insulin

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. 

Another part of the same insulin synthesis involves this sequence. 

Non-starchy polysaccharides improve the immune function and improve insulin synthesis (Masayoshi et al., 1987). 

The peptide hormone insulin (see Box 13.1) is produced by the pancreas and plays a key role in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, hi particular, it has a hypoglycaemic effect, lowering the levels of glucose in the blood. A malfunctioning pancreas may produce a deficiency in insulin synthesis or secretion, leading to the condition known as diabetes mellitus. This results in increased amounts of glucose in the blood and urine, diuresis, depletion of carbohydrate stores, and subsequent breakdown of fat and protein. Incomplete breakdown of fat leads to the accumulation of ketones in the blood, severe acidosis, coma, and death. 

Insulin synthesis Spi 2.1 induction Cdcium response Stat 5 activation SHP-2 binding Cis/SOCS3 binding... 

This process involves the covalent locking in of structures formed by reversible self-assembly. The irreversible, post-assembly step switches off the equilibrium process involved in the self-assembly. As we will see in the following sections, self assembly with covalent postmodification is involved in a range of biochemistry (e.g. insulin synthesis) and elegant abiotic supramolecular synthesis as in the formation of catenanes and knots. 

Jain S., D. H. Hreczuk-Hirst, B. McCormack, M. Mital, A. Epenetos, P. Laing, and G. Gregoriadis. 2003. Polysialylated insulin synthesis, characterization and biological activity in vivo. Biochim. Bio-phys. Acta 1622 42-49. 

Figure 25-1 I Insulin synthesis and release from the pancreatic p-ceil. (From Ord L,VassalHJ-D, Perrelet AThe insulin factory. SciAm 1988 259 85-94.)...

Diabetes mellitus is a group of devastating metabolic dis-eases caused by insufficient insulin synthesis, increased insulin destruction, or ineffective insulin action. All of its metabolic effects result when the body s cells fail to acquire glucose from the blood. The metabolic imbalances that occur have serious, if not life-threatening, consequences (Figure 16A). In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also called type I diabetes, inadequate amounts of insulin are secreted because the (3-cells of the pancreas have been destroyed. Because IDDM usually occurs before the age of 20, it has (until recently) been referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called type II or adult-onset diabetes, is... 

L.R., Menon, R.K. and Zahm, D.S. (1994) Insulin gene expression and insulin synthesis in mammalian neural cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269 8445-8454. 

The P2 receptor, which mediates vasodilatation and bronchodilatation, as well as insulin synthesis... 

---