Treatment and Disposal

This book covers the basics of bioremediation. Topics Include treatment of soil, ground water, and aquatic systems design and use of bioreactors adapted cultures and genetically-engineered microbes major classes of chemical pollutants and detailed analysis of the Exxon-Valdez cleanup. 

Paul E. Flathman etal., editors, Lewis Publishers, 1993, 

Wesley Eckenfelder et a ., editors, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1992, ISBN 0-87762-895-5, 313 pages, 65. 

This is the proceedings from a 1991 symposium on chemical oxidation. Systems covered are hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, ozone, supercritical water oxidation, and wet air oxidation. 

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Also, instead of using two separators, a purge can be used (see Fig. 4.2c). Using a purge saves the cost of a separator but incurs raw materials losses and possibly waste treatment and disposal costs. 

In all types of biological processes, excess sludge is produced which must be disposed of. The treatment and disposal of sludge are major problems which can be costly to deal with. Anaerobic processes have the advantage here, since they produce considerably less sludge than aerobic processes (on the order of 5 percent of aerobic processes for the same throughput). 

Freeman, H. M., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989. 

FREEMAN Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal... 

The surviving U.S. plants have embraced all types of waste treatment processes (see Wastes treatment, hazardous waste Wastes, industrial). The most desired poUution prevention processes are those which reduce the total amount of waste discharged. Treatment and disposal are less strongly emphasized options. Zero wastewater discharge faciHties and water recycling processes are becoming more common (55,56). 

The main objectives of RCRA ate to protect pubHc health and the environment and to conserve natural resources. The act requires EPA to develop and adininistet the following programs soHd waste disposal practices providing acceptable protection levels for pubHc health and the environment transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes practices that eliminate or minimize hazards to human health and the environment the use of resource conservation and recovery whenever technically and economically feasible and federal, state, and local programs to achieve these objectives. 

P. A. Vesilind, Treatment and Disposal of Waste Water Sludges, Ann Arbor Science PubHshers, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1974. 

Transportation and Disposal. Only highly alkaline forms of soluble sihcates are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as hazardous materials for transportation. When discarded, these ate classified as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical members of this class are sodium sihcate solutions having sihca-to-alkah ratios of less than 1.6 and sodium sihcate powders with ratios of less than 1.0. In the recommended treatment and disposal method, the soluble sihcates are neutralized with aqueous acid (6 Af or equivalent), and the resulting sihca gel is disposed of according to local, state, and federal regulations. The neutral hquid, a salt solution, can be flushed iato sewer systems (86). 

By-Product Disposal. By-product disposal from vinyl chloride manufacturing plants is compHcated by the need to process a variety of gaseous, organic Hquid, aqueous, and soHd streams, while ensuring that no chlorinated organic compounds are inadvertendy released. Each class of by-product streams poses its own treatment and disposal challenges. 

U.S. EPA, Mercuy and Arsenic Wastes Removal, Recovey, Treatment, and Disposal, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J., 1992. 

Metcalf, Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering Collection, Treatment, and Disposal, McGraw-HiU Book Company, New York, 1972. 

Copper etchants do not directly influence the electroless plating process, but are used merely to remove unwanted copper, and should not affect the deposit properties. The costs of waste treatment and disposal have led to disuse of throw-away systems such as chromic—sulfuric acid, ferric chloride, and ammonium persulfate. Newer types of regenerable etchants include cupric chloride, stabilized peroxide, and proprietary ammoniacal etchant baths. 

Waste Reduction, Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes The Fouith Biennial Repoii, CaUfornia, 1988, p. 110. 

Environmental Factors These inchrde (I) eqrripment location, (2) available space, (3) ambient conditions, (4) availabuity of adeqrrate rrtilities (i.e., power, water, etc.) and ancillary-system facilities (i.e., waste treatment and disposal, etc.), (5) maximrrm aUowable emission (air polhrtion codes), (6) aesthetic considerations (i.e., visible steam or water-vapor phrme, etc.), (7) contribrrtions of the air-poUrrtion-control system to wastewater and land poUrrtion, and (8) contribrrtion of the air-poUrrtion-control system to plant noise levels. 

From McGinely, P. M. and Kmet, P, Formation Characteristics, Treatment, and Disposal of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, 1984. 

FIG. 25-75 Conceptual design for control cells for hazardous-waste disposal (section view). FML = flexible-membrane liner. (From Freeman, H. M., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill, 1988.)... 

Assign responsibilities and authority at plant and headquarters for tbe storage, coUection, treatment, and disposal of all types of hazardous wastes. 

For those waste streams that can impact public health or the environment (if mismanaged), provide a summary of the treatment and disposal methods (for example, solvents are incinerated or recycled, lab wastes are incinerated) used to manage them and identify the on-site or off-site facilities used. Is the disposal of the waste adequately documented (for example, retention of manifests, bills of lading or transfer notes) ... 

The two different, but related, eonsiderations in waste disposal are hazard eontrol and loss prevention in the treatment and disposal operations, and the eontrol of environmental hazards. With gas and liquid streams the eontrol of on-site hazards arising from the ehemieal properties and proeessing operations generally follows the prineiples summarized in earlier ehapters. The measures neeessary with solid wastes may, however, differ, partieularly if they are heterogeneous in nature and disposed of on land. 

The effects from solid waste treatment and disposal depend upon the specific waste and the methods employed. The major disposal methods, depending upon the quantity and nature of the waste, are ... 

The cost of storing wastewater for subsequent reuse may be far less than the treatment and disposal costs. 

Your process may produce wastes that cannot be treated on-site, and so must be transported off-site for treatment and disposal. Wastes of this type are usually non-aqueous liquids, sludge, or solids. Often, wastes for off-site disposal are costly to transport and to treat, and represent a third-party liability. Therefore, minimization of these wastes yields a direct cost benefit, both present and future. Measure the quantity and note the composition of any wastes associated with your process that need to be sent for off-site disposal. Record your results in a table or an appropriate spreadsheet. 

Tier 0 and Tier 1 costs are direct and indirect costs. They include the engineering, materials, labor, construction, contingency, etc., as well as waste-collection and transportation services (in many cases we simply transform an air pollution problem into a solid waste or wastewater problem that requires final treatment and disposal), raw-material consumption (increase or decrease), and production costs. Tier 2 and... 

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