Public Health Impacts

Public Health Impact of Pesticides Used in Agriculture Report of a WHO/UNEP Working Group World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi, Kenya. 

Mumtaz NM, Neft RE, Lichtueld MY, et al. 1994. The public health impact of chemicals and chemical mixture by-products at hazardous waste sites. In Andrews JS, Frumkin H, Johnson BE, et al. ed. 

Public Health Impact of Pesticide Use in Agriculture Report of WHO/UNEP Working Group. WHO, 1989. 140 pp. 

Brookmeyer, R., Gray, S. and Kawas, C. Projections of Alzheimer s disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am. J. Public Health 88 1337-1342,1998. 

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHEMICAL CRISIS, PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT, SPECIFIC MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES AND EDUCATION... 

Epidemiology of Chemical Crisis, Public Health Impact.. . ... 

More information is available on the public health impact of occupational contact dermatitis. Specific national occupational disease and illness data are available from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which conducts annual surveys of approximately 180,000 employers selected to represent all private industries in the United States.68 All occupational skin diseases or disorders, including allergic contact dermatitis, are tabulated in this survey. BLS data show that occupational skin diseases accounted for a consistent 30 to 45% of all cases of occupational illnesses from the 1970s through the mid-1980s, and in recent years accounted for 15% of all occupational illness.68 The decline in this proportion may be partially related to an increase seen in disorders associated with repeated trauma. 

FDA does not want reports on every adverse event observed that would not be practical for reporters or FDA because of the sheer volume of adverse-event reports already being sent to the agency each year (about 130,000 in 1994). While 80-85% of these reports are submitted by the manufacturer, 10-15% are received by MedWatch directly from physicians, pharmacists, other health care professionals, and consumers. MedWatch encourages reporters to be selective by limiting their reports to events for which the outcome was serious (Table 20.2). This enables FDA to focus on those events with potentially the largest public health impact. Reporters are encouraged to fill out the reporting form as completely and accurately as possible. 

Prevention and Treatment Epidemiology Public-Health Impact Economic Impact... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Issue Paper. Estimated Public Health Impact as a Result of Equipping Light-Duty Motor Vehicles with Oxidation Catalysts. (In-house Report). Research Triangle Park, N.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Air and Waste Management, Jan. 30, 1975. 39 pp. 

Target external funding - grants, loans, donations -at specific diseases with high public health impact Explore other financial mechanisms, such as debt relief and solidarity funds Reliable supply system... 

Apart from public health impacts, residual antimicrobials in animal products can bring about technoeconomic losses in the food processing industry. It has long been known that the presence of some antimicrobial compounds in milk can dramatically affect the production of fermented dairy products such as yogurt, cheese, buttermilk and sour cream (72, 73). As shown in Table 10.2, even minute concentrations of antibiotics in milk can cause inhibition of the growth of commonly used dairy starter cultures (74). 

Kiinzli N, Kaiser R, Medina S, Studnicka M, Chanel O, Filliger P, Herry M, Horak F Jr, Puybonnieux-Texier V, Quenel P, Schneider J, Seethaler R, Vergnaud JC, Sommer H (2000) Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution a European assessment. Lancet 356(9232) 795-801... 

Associated with sleep-loss-induced decreases in neurobehavioral functioning is an increased risk of and increased incidence of accidents. On-the-job and motor vehicle accidents have both been found to increase when individuals are sleep deprived. Although data are not consistently collected, it has been estimated that between 20% and 60% of single-vehicle motor accidents may be attributed to fatigue from sleep loss. While this includes sleep loss associated with working shiftwork and voluntary sleep loss, many of the individuals may experience sleep loss due to sleep and other medical disorders. Although the symptom of sleep disturbance with medical disorders is often recognized, the potential safety and public health impact may be overlooked. 

Obviously, sleep disorders are a major cause of traffic accidents because of their prevalence but also because of their danger (high-risk ratio of death and injury). If OS AS is a well-covered field, other diseases such as narcolepsy and hypersomnias are not as frequently investigated. This could be explained by the low prevalence and therefore the limited public-health impact of accidents generated by these patients. We strongly believe that research must be conducted in this field to provide better information on the driving aptitude of these patients. 

Ktinzli, N., Kaiser, R., Medina, S., Studnicka, M., Chanel, O., Filliger, P., Herry, M., Horak, F., Puybonnieux-Texier, V., Quenel, P., Schneider, J., Seethaler, R., Vergnaud, J.-C., and Sommer, H. (2000). Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution A European assessment. Lancet 356, 795-801. 

Information on Devices Shipped or Sold. To help the FDA assess the public health impact of the previously requested information, we are also asking that you provide us with data about the number of devices shipped or sold during the reporting period. For device implants, data regarding the number of devices actually implanted should be provided, if it is available. 

According to the Bay Area Air Quality Management District in San Francisco, more than 5.5 million pounds of toxic chlorinated substances are released in the area annually. This includes approximately 13,000 pounds of chloroform, 1.4 million pounds of freon, 2 million pounds of perchloromethylene, and trace amounts of dioxin. (Dioxin is one of the most toxic chemicals known.) A report released in September 1994 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) clearly describes dioxin as a serious public health threat. The public health impact of dioxin may rival the impact that DDT had on public health in the 1960s. According to the EPA report, not only does there appear to be no safe level of exposure to dioxin, but levels of dioxin and similar chemicals have been found in the U.S. population that are at or near levels associated with adverse health effects. The EPA report also confirmed that dioxin is a cancer hazard, exposure... 

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