Chlorine organic compounds

Huntress, Organic Chlorine Compounds, Order III, 1948 (J. Wiley Chapman and HaU). 

In addition to making organic chlorine compounds, a significant fraction of CI2 production is used to make inorganic halides. One important use, described in Chapter 20, is in the metallurgy of titanium, in which molecular chlorine is used to convert Ti02 into TiCl4, which is easy to purify by distillation. 

The chloride anion is a major species in the oceans and plays an essential role in biochemistry. Compounds containing carbon-chlorine bonds occur much less frequently in nature. Volcanos emit some halocarbons, and marine algae generate chloromethane. Other marine species produce toxic organohalogen molecules that protect them from predators. Nevertheless, organic chlorine compounds are uncommon, and consequently there are few mechanisms that degrade them. 

More recently, another class of organic chlorine compounds has emerged as an environmental hazard. These are the dioxins, which, like DDT, contain ring compounds with chlorine substituents. A relatively simple example is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ... 

Ogata M, Takatsuka Y, Tomokuni K. 1971. Excretion of organic chlorine compounds in the urine of persons exposed to vapours of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Br J Ind Med 28 386. 

Extracts of these fat samples were treated with sodium sulfate-concentrated sulfuric acid mixture and fuming acid by the method described by Schechter et al. 5) in order to separate the organic-chlorine compound from the fatty materials. An infrared spectrum from 7 to 15 microns on carbon disulfide solutions of the residues from the fat qualitatively identified the organic-chlorine compound as toxaphene. All the bands of toxaphene in this spectral region were plainly seen in the treated steer extract, whereas none of the absorption bands were visible in the untreated steer extract. 

Different samples of chlorinated camphene containing from 62 to 72% of chlorine all give the same infrared spectra. However, the toxicity to flies reaches a maximum at a chlorine content of 67 to 69% and drops off rapidly below 60% and above 72%. From the results of both the infrared spectroscopic examination and the fly-toxicity tests given below, it is concluded that the organic-chlorine compound in the fat was essentially unchanged toxaphene. 

Catoxid [Catalytic oxidation] A process for destroying organic chlorine compounds, especially from the production of vinyl chloride, by catalytic oxidation in a fluid bed. Developed by the B. F. Goodrich Company in Akron, OH. 

E. H. Huntress, Organic Chlorine Compounds, John Wiley and Sons, New... 

This book examines comprehensively the chlorine industry and its effects on the environment. It covers not only the history of chlorine production, but also looks at its products, their effects on the global environment and the international legislation which controls their use, release and disposal. Individual chapters are dedicated to subjects such as end use processes, water disinfection and metallurgy, environmental release of organic chlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, legal instruments and the future of the chlorine industry. 

L. Smith, W. N. Hubbard. Combustion in a Bomb of Organic Chlorine Compounds. In Experimental Thermochemistry, vol. 1 F. D. Rossini, Ed. Interscience New York, 1956 chapter 8. 

N. K. Smith, D. W. Scott, J. P. McCullough. Combustion Calorimetry of Organic Chlorine Compounds. The Heat of Combustion of 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-p-xylene. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68, 934-939. 

Paasivirta J, Knuutinen J, Knuutila M, et al. 1988. Lignin and organic chlorine compounds in lake water and the role of the chlorobleaching effluents. Chemosphere. 17 147-158. 

Figure 8-17 The chain reaction by which small concentrations of organic chlorine compounds produce ozone destruction in the stratosphere.

The chlorination reactions described in this example may also take place under combustion conditions. Organic chlorine compounds provide a source of chlorine atoms, which readily abstract hydrogen atoms from other organic hydrocarbons. This serves to extend the radical chain, and accelerates the production of heavier hydrocarbons with the possible formation of soot. 

Huntress, Organic Chlorine Compounds, p. 588, 1038, New York, John Wiley Sons, 1948. 

Geckeler KE, Eberhardt W (1995) Biogenic Organic Chlorinated Compounds - Occurrence, Function and Environmental Relevance. Naturwissenschaften 82 2... 

Hoekstra EJ, Lassen P, van Leeuwen JGE, de Leer EWB, Carlsen L (1995) Formation of Organic Chlorine Compounds of Low Molecular Weight in the Chloroperoxidase-Mediated Reaction Between Chloride and Humic Material. In Grimvall A, de Leer EWB (eds) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 149... 

Hosogai, Y., Thin-layer chromatography of organic chlorine compounds, Kagaku No Ryoiki Zokan, 64, 185, 1964. 

As a by-product in the chlorination of both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons or from the thermal degradation of organic chlorine compounds,... 

---