Toxicity potential

Disinfeetion. Chlorine, as gaseous chlorine or as the h5rpochlorite ion, is widely used as a disinfectant. However, its use in some cases can lead to the formation of toxic organic chlorides, and the discharge of excess chlorine can be harmful. Ozone as an alternative disinfectant leads to products that have a lower toxic potential. Treatment is enhanced by ultraviolet light. Indeed, disinfection can be achieved by ultravifflet light on its own. 

An assessment of the toxicity potential of chemicals used in EOR has been reviewed (181). A series of first-intent petroleum sulfonates derived from petroleum fractions were synthesized along with a series of od-soluble synthetic sulfonates. Their properties and preliminary od recoveries have been reported (182). 

Food nd W ter Consumption. Measurement of changes in food and water consumption may indicate a toxic potential, and can give guidance on the reason for abnormal body weight gains. 

These results show the fate of aromatic bromine compounds during municipal waste incineration bromine is exchanged by chlorine on the surface of fly ash at the electrostatic precipitator at 250-3(X)°C. But the toxic potential at brominated dibenzodioxins and furans is not reduced by these transformations. The increase of PCDD/F concentration in MWI by adding bromine compounds has been pointed out by Lahl and coworkers (ref. 26). 

Human Toxicity Potential. As for aquatic toxicity, the database for human toxicity potential is still being established but is based on acceptable daily doses. The total potential is the sum of potentials released to different media. 

Approximate Distance Sample Size Potential Exposure Percent with Lead Toxicity Potential Exposure ... 

Eaton RDP, Secord DC, Hewitt P. 1980. An experimental assessment of the toxic potential of mercury in ringed-seal Ever for adult laboratory cats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 55 514-521. 

The clinician should bear in mind the toxic potential for the various antidepressant medications when patients already have or develop suicidality. The TCAs and MAOIs have narrow therapeutic indices, whereas the SSRIs, SNRIs, nefa-zodone, and mirtazapine have wide therapeutic indices.22... 

This preservative is also comparatively new to ophthalmic formulations and has been used as a disinfectant in contact lens solutions. Polyaminopropyl biguanide (polyhexamethyl biguanide) also is a polymeric compound that has a low toxicity potential at the concentrations generally used in these solutions [141, 149, 150]. 

Effect analysis. The CalTOX scheme can calculate cancer and non-cancer human toxicity potential (HTP) values for air and surface water emissions of 330 compounds. However, more information concerning the HTP and toxicity of a compound are available in the next chapter. 

Hertwich EG, Mateles SF, Pease WS, McKone TE (2001) Human toxicity potentials for life cycle assessment and toxics release inventory risk screening. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 928-939... 

Vidic T, Lah B, Berden-Zrimec M, Marinsek-Logar R (2008) Bioassays for evaluating the water-extractable genotoxic and toxic potential of soils polluted by metal smelters. Environ Toxicol 24 472 183... 

The formation of ethylcellulose nanoemulsions by a low-energy method for nanoparticle preparation was reported recently. The nanoemulsions were obtained in a water-polyoxyethylene 4 sorbitan monolaurate-ethylcellulose solution system by the PIC method at 25 °C [54]. The solvent chosen for the preparation of the ethylcellulose solution was ethyl acetate, which is classed as a solvent with low toxic potential (Class 3) by ICH Guidelines [78]. Oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions were formed at oil/ surfactant (O/S) ratios between 30 70 and 70 30 and water contents above 40 wt% (Figure 6.1). Compared with other nanoemulsions prepared by the same method, the O/S ratios at which they are formed are high, that is, the amount of surfactant needed for nanoemulsion preparation is rather low [14]. For further studies, compositions with volatile organic compound (VOC) contents below 7 wt% and surfactant concentrations between 3 and 5 wt% were chosen, that is, nanoemulsions with a constant water content of 90% and O/S ratios from 50 50 to 70 30. 

Despite the evidence for the cytotoxicity of CNTs, there are an increasing number of published studies that support the potential development of CNT-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration (e.g., neuronal substrates [143] and orthopedic materials [154—156]), cancer treatment [157], and drug/vaccine delivery systems [158, 159]. Most of these applications will involve the implantation and/or administration of such materials into patients as for any therapeutic or diagnostic agent used, the toxic potential of the CNTs must be evaluated in relation to their potential benefits [160]. For this reason, detailed investigations of the interactions between CNTs/CNT-based implants and various cell types have been carried out [154, 155, 161]. A comprehensive description of such results, however, is beyond the scope of this chapter. Extensive reviews on the biocompatibility of implantable CNT composite materials [21, 143, 162] and of CNT drug-delivery systems [162] are available. 

As the mere disappearance of the parent pollutants cannot be considered as complete degradation and in some opportunities degradation-intermediates can be even more toxic than their parent compounds, a global estimation of toxicity was necessary to determine the reduction of toxic potential in the fungal-treated sludge. The standardized tests of acute immobilization of Daphnia magna and bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri were accordingly applied. 

Leucovorin (folinic acid) - enzyme cofactor for thymidylate synthase rescues from methotrexate toxicity potentiates cytotoxicity of fluoro— pyrimidines -occasional nausea -skin rash -headache -rare allergic reactions... 

Limited animal data suggest little reproductive and developmental toxicity potential for monomethylhydrazine at doses that do not result in overt maternal intoxication. 

Phenyltin compounds significantly inhibit natural killer cell function and possible natural killer cell-mediated immunotoxic potential of these compounds in humans (Whalen et al. 1999). The toxic potential followed the order of triphenyltin > diphenyltin > monophenyltin however, phe-nyltins were less toxic than butyltins to human natural killer cells (Whalen et al. 1999). 

Tanabe, S., N. Kannan, M. Ono, and R. Tatsukawa. 1989. Toxic threat to marine mammals increasing toxic potential of non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs from land to ocean. Chemosphere 18 485-490. 

Danielson, J. W. Toxicity potential of compounds found in parenreral solutions with rubber stoppers. PDA, Journal of Parenteral Science Technology, Vol 46 (2), p. 43-47, 1992, Copyright 1992 PDA Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA... 

Burchiel, S.W. et al., Analysis of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of toxicity potential roles of toxicogenomics and proteomics in toxicology, Toxicol. Sci., 59, 193, 2001. 

Elbetieha A, Da as SI, Khamas W et al (2001) Evaluation of the toxic potentials of cypermethrin pesticide on some reproductive and fertility parameters in the male rats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 41 522-528... 

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