Eco-toxicity potential

In view of this situation, the ecosystem researcher Holling refers to inherent unknow-ability , cf Holling 1994. The question as to whether, and to what degree, the relative lack of knowledge about possible toxic and especially eco-toxic potential effects of... 

An average of the impact potentials for the four impact categories on chronic (eco)toxicity, i.e. chronic human toxicity via water, chronic human toxicity via soil, chronic ecotoxicity in water and chronic ecotoxicity in soil, is defined as the common impact category persistent toxicity [16] and used when calculating normalised and weighted results. 

It is accepted that many widely used latex vulcanisation accelerators - dithiocaibamates, thiurams and thiazoles - are capable of producing Type IV allergic response in certain individuals within the population and may also possess increasingly unacceptable eco-toxic and acute toxicity profiles. Thiurams and dithiocaibamates (derived from secondary amines) can also produce potentially harmful N-nitrosamines. Four safer accelerators developed and commercialised by Robinson Brothers are described. They are designed to reduce or eliminate the impact of the above problems using sustainable technology. At the same time these accelerators produce equivalent technological performances to those conventionally used. 10 refs. 

What methods can be used to determine potential customers wishes in a more or less certain way and how can product quality be translated into customers wishes as part of a secure apphcation regarding (eco)toxic risks The fundamental motive of safety alone does not appear adequate to create the requisite demand for more environmental and healthy products. 

To date, however, only a few LCA studies have been reported for nanoproducts, and only some of them have applied actual data for the nanotechnological production methods [29-36]. Furthermore, although aspects relating to (eco)toxicity are usually assessed in LCA, the specific potential risks of ENMs have not been included in the studies so far owing to a lack of knowledge in relation to risk assessment [15, 33]. 

Risk potential of the technical application of the ionic liquid (leakages, toxic and eco-toxic effects, fate of the compounds in the environment)... 

Land Acidification potential Photochemical ozone creation potential Human toxicity Eco-toxicity Workplace hazards etc. Index metrics Eco-indicator 99 [37] GSK s FLASC score [38] BASF s eco-efficiency fingerprint [39]... 

The versatile properties and manufacturability of polymers has evoked immense interest in developing a class of biomaterials with the potential to interface with biological systems [1]. However, polymers are prone to pathogenic attack resulting in deterioration of properties, malfunction and so on. Various methods such as the ionic binding technique, incorporation of metal particles/metal oxides/nanoparticles (NP) and physico-chemical modification via, e.g., the addition of quaternary ammonium salts and blending with antimicrobial polymers, have been explored for the fabrication of bactericidal materials [2], However, these methods can result in reduced biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and eco-toxicity. 

In general, it may be concluded that despite the endeavor described earlier to develop low-fouling membranes via surface modification with nanoparticles, further research is still needed to investigate the combined effects of the water chanistry, the nature of the nanoparticles, and the coating conditions on the modified-manbrane performance and fouling mitigation. Also, careful control and monitoring of the nanoparticles released from the modified membranes are necessary to minimize potential environment (eco) toxicity effects (Tiede et al. 2009). 

In this context, the human toxicity potential and partly also some eco-toxidty potentials (FAETP, TETP) have to be considered as exceptions. 

Young et al. (2000) developed environmental impact factors calculated using the Waste Reduction (WAR) algorithm. These factors encompass (1) physical potential impacts (acidification of soil, greenhouse enhancement, ozone depletion, and photochemical oxidant depletion), (2) human toxicity effects (air, water, and soil), and (3) eco-toxicity effects (aquatic and terrestrial). The important parameters are as follows ... 

The preceding chapters used brief case studies to illustrate key points. This chapter examines the life cycle of four substances in greater detail. Three of these substances, orthonitrochlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and hexa-chlorobenzene, share a basic chlorinated benzene structure. The degree of chlorination and the presence of other functional groups affect their properties, usage, fate and transport in the environment, and (eco)toxicity. These substances also differ in their uses, which influences the potential for exposure. The remaining case study examines microbeads, a product whose size determines in part its life cycle. 

Manufacturing processes for sustainability can be optimized in the context of life cycle analysis (Shoimard and Hiew 2000). It involves definition of the process boundaries and quantifiable sustainability impacts in the form of established metrics, incorporated into process design and optimization. It has been applied to determining waste treatment options, abatement of pollution, and designing the optimal recipe of solvents. Impact indices, such as ozone depletion potential to human toxicity and eco-toxicity, developed by the EPA, can be used. This method has been applied in a methyl ethyl ketone production plant to determine the effect of recycling on the enviromnent (Shonnard and Hiew 2000). 

Many pharmaceuticals need more investigation about their potential long-term eco-toxicological effects. There is also a general lack of chronic toxicity data on pharmaceuticals, in particular in fish. Furthermore, the potential of combined effects of pharmaceutical mixtures should be addressed. 

Ammonium nitrate (AN) was considered early as an environment-friendly alternative to AP but its multiple crystal phase-transitions at low temperatures and its poor performance precluded its use. The nitramine-based propellants are also likely to emerge as potential eco-friendly propellants as the combustion products are non-toxic and non-smoky, although the present day nitramine propellants do not match the high performance and high burn rates of AP-based composite propellants [62, 63]. At the same time, high pressure exponent and unstable combustion prevent their application in large rockets due to safety considerations [20]. The inclusion of Al powder and other additives increases the burn rate and also eliminates the combustion instability. 

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