Metal smelter

Coal ash, coal fly ash, power station fly ash, incinerator ash, vehicle exhaust particulates, urban dust, atmospheric dust, metal smelter dust, welding dust, diesel particulates, particulates on filter media Sewage sludge, wastewater... 

Chemical manufacturers Petroleum refineries Metal smelters and refineries Electroplaters... 

Vidic T, Lah B, Berden-Zrimec M, Marinsek-Logar R (2008) Bioassays for evaluating the water-extractable genotoxic and toxic potential of soils polluted by metal smelters. Environ Toxicol 24 472 183... 

Concentrations of lead were highest in specimens collected near metal smelters, lead mines, industrial areas, and urban locations (Table 4.5). Lead concentrations were 9 to 13 times greater in a lichen (Parmelia baltimorensis) collected in Washington, D.C., in 1970 than in the same lichen collected 34 years earlier (Jenkins 1980). 

Signs of lead poisoning, i.e., depressed blood ALAD activity or elevated blood lead levels, were reported for birds near a metal smelter (Beyer et al. 1985 Henny et al. 1991), in 17% of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) from Chesapeake Bay in 1974 (Dieter etal. 1976), and in three species of... 

Proximity to the smokestacks of metal smelters is positively associated with increased levels of lead in the hair (manes) of horses and in tissues of small mammals, and is consistent with the results of soil and vegetation analyses (USEPA 1972). Lead concentrations were comparatively high in the hair of older or chronically impaired horses (USEPA 1972). However, tissues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected near a zinc smelter did not contain elevated levels of lead (Sileo and Beyer 1985). Among small mammals near a metal smelter, blood ALAD activity was reduced in the white-footed mouse but normal in others, e.g., the short-tailed shrew (Beyer et al. 1985). The interaction effects of lead components in smelter emissions with other components, such as zinc, cadmium, and arsenic, are unresolved (USEPA 1972) and warrant additional research. 

Woodlouse, Porcellio scaber Near metal smelter of maximum soil Zn of 24,900 mg/kg DW, and soil litter of 4150 mg/kg DW ... 

Crayfish, Orconectes virilis, collected 12-150 km distant from metal smelter Hepatopancreas ... 

Invented by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1968 for use in metal smelters subsequently piloted at six locations with varying degrees of success. Much of the development work was done by Pfizer, a United States citric acid producer. In 1983 it was operated only at the Saber Refining Company, United States. See also Flakt-Boliden. 

Amphibians, whole Near metal smelter Control site, 5 species... 

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