Topic overview

Does your manuscript as it is written perform the function—new research, literature review, or topic overview—that you identified before you began your draft Do you still think the format you selected—journal article, book, book chapter—is the best choice ... 

In multiauthored books, chapters may be accounts of original research or literature reviews (like journal articles), but they may also be topical overviews. They may be developed and expanded from presentations given at symposia, or they may be written especially for the book in which they will be published. Multiauthored books should contain at least one chapter that reviews the subject thoroughly and also provides an overview to unify the chapters into a coherent treatment of the subject. In a longer book that is divided into sections, each section may need a short overview chapter. 

A series of surveys and reviews [28, 44, 45, 293] dealt with the simultaneous determination of a broad range of polar compounds in environmental samples by API interfaces. Possibilities and Hmitations of stmcture elucidation by bC-ion trap multiple mass spectrometry (bC-ITMS ) were the topic overview [38]. As shown later, pesticide residue analysis was the most frequent application of bC-MS in water sample analysis, as the number of review articles on the subject of pesticide analysis and their degradation products demonstrates [20, 22, 29, 30, 32, 199, 294], The analysis of dyes by means of API interfacing techniques was reviewed by three groups [43, 161, 200], while the bC-MS analysis of surfactants, as compounds of environmental concern, was comprehensively reviewed [21]. 

The international symposium on Recent Developments in Olefin Polymerization Catalysts was held in Tokyo in October 1989. This volume includes 38 i>apers fi"om the 31 lectures and 18 posters presented at the symposium, which covered the following topics Overview of super-active homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, kinetic profile of olefin polymerization including copolymerization, characterization of catalysts and polymers, methods for the determination of active center concentration, role of Lewis bases on the catalyst isospecificity, polymerization mechanisms, and synthetic pathways for functionalized polyolefins. We believe the contents are well balanced between fundamental research and application as well as between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst systems. 

In a whole, the volume gives a selected but topical overview of the value of topological methods for an improved understanding of chemical structure and reactivity. It thus outlines the prospects while providing inspiration for future developments in this field. 

This chapter concludes our discussion of applications of surface chemistry with the possible exception of some of the materials on heterogeneous catalysis in Chapter XVIII. The subjects touched on here are a continuation of Chapter IV on surface films on liquid substrates. There has been an explosion of research in this subject area, and, again, we are limited to providing just an overview of the more fundamental topics. 

In the sections below a brief overview of static solvent influences is given in A3.6.2, while in A3.6.3 the focus is on the effect of transport phenomena on reaction rates, i.e. diflfiision control and the influence of friction on intramolecular motion. In A3.6.4 some special topics are addressed that involve the superposition of static and transport contributions as well as some aspects of dynamic solvent effects that seem relevant to understanding the solvent influence on reaction rate coefficients observed in homologous solvent series and compressed solution. More comprehensive accounts of dynamics of condensed-phase reactions can be found in chapter A3.8. chapter A3.13. chapter B3.3. chapter C3.1. chapter C3.2 and chapter C3.5. 

In this chapter we shall first outline the basic concepts of the various mechanisms for energy redistribution, followed by a very brief overview of collisional intennoleciilar energy transfer in chemical reaction systems. The main part of this chapter deals with true intramolecular energy transfer in polyatomic molecules, which is a topic of particular current importance. Stress is placed on basic ideas and concepts. It is not the aim of this chapter to review in detail the vast literature on this topic we refer to some of the key reviews and books [U, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32] and the literature cited therein. These cover a variety of aspects of tire topic and fiirther, more detailed references will be given tliroiighoiit this review. We should mention here the energy transfer processes, which are of fiindamental importance but are beyond the scope of this review, such as electronic energy transfer by mechanisms of the Forster type [33, 34] and related processes. 

This overview covers the major teclnhques used in materials analysis with MeV ion beams Rutherford backscattering, chaimelling, resonance scattering, forward recoil scattering, PIXE and microbeams. We have not covered nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), because it applies to special incident-ion-target-atom combinations and is a topic of its own [1, 2]. 

Excellent books and review articles covering LB and SA films have appeared recently. The following covers the basics and some selected topics are presented as examples. For a more comprehensive overview and more details on specific topics the reader is referred to the cited literature. 

This book is conceived as a textbook for application in teaching and self-learning of chemoinfoimatics. We aim to present a comprehensive overview of the field of che-moinformatics for students, teachers, and scientists from other areas of chemistry, from biology, informatics, and medicine. Those interested in a more in-depth presentation and analysis of the topics in this Textbook are referred to an accompanying set of four volumes. 

Naphthenic acids have been the topic of numerous studies extending over many years. Originally recovered from the petroleum distillates to minimise corrosion of refinery equipment, they have found wide use as articles of commerce in metal naphthenates and other derivatives. A comprehensive overview of the uses of naphthenic acid and its derivatives can be found in References 1 and 2. A review of the extensive research on carboxyUc acids in petroleum conducted up to 1955 is available (3), as is a more recent review of purification, identification, and uses of naphthenic acid (4). 

Protein engineering encompasses a vast amount and wide variety of research. At least two textbooks (1,2) have been devoted exclusively to this topic, and several excellent reviews have been pubHshed (3,4). Herein, an overview of principles, an introduction to basic techniques, and a summary of results of representative experiments on protein engineering are provided. 

G. Henrici-Olivn and S. Olivn, Chemtech, 746 (1981) a readable overview of this complex topic. 

Process Overview The process overview includes topics related to the equipment configuration, chemical and physical changes achieved in the specific toll, and special safe work practices related to the operations, maintenance and materials. Emphasis should be given to any new equipment and chemical hazards the startup team will encounter. 

A book edited by Levinson (1981) treated grain-boundary phenomena in electroceramics in depth, including the band theory required to explain the effects. It includes a splendid overview of such phenomena in general by W.D. Kingery, whom we have already met in Chapter I, as well as an overview of varistor developments by the originator, Matsuoka. The book marks a major shift in concern by the community of ceramic researchers, away from topics like porcelain (which is discussed in Chapter 9) Kingery played a major role in bringing this about. 

The following chart can serve as your road map to the subjects covered in this handbook. The chart provides a brief overview of the subjects covered in each chapter, and will help direct you to specific topical information. Use this along with the subject index to find the information you need. 

For the environmental consultant, an extensive overview of corrective action technologies is provided. Topics covered are the general concepts of corrective action programs, facility investigation principles, treatment technologies for wastes and waste streams, post treatment technologies and engineering considerations for corrective measures implementation. 

We have not attempted to cover all or even most aspects of crown chemistry and some may say that the inclusions are eclectic. We felt that anyone approaching the field would need an appreciation for the jargon currently abounding and for the so-called template effect since the latter has a considerable bearing on the synthetic methodology. We have, therefore, included brief discussions of these topics in the first two chapters. In chapters 3—8, we have tried to present an overview of the macrocyclic polyethers which have been prepared. We have taken a decidedly organic tack in this attempting to be comprehensive in our inclusion of alkali and alkaline earth cation binders rather than the compounds of use in transition metal chemistry. Nevertheless, many of the latter are included in concert with their overall importance. 

Complementing these very well established approaches for the study of any scientific field, namely experiments and analytical theory, very recently, computer simulations have become a powerful tool for the study of a great variety of processes occurring in nature in general [4-6], as well as surface chemical reactions in particular [7]. Within this context, the aim of this chapter is not only to offer a critical overview of recent progress in the area of computer simulations of surface reaction processes, but also to provide an outlook of promising trends in most of the treated topics. 

Bucaram, S. M. and B. J. Yeary. Data Gathering System to Optimize Production Operations A 14-Year Overview. i. Pet. Technol., Vol. 39, No. 4, April 1987, pp. 457-462. Capxrbianci, S. The Problem of Data Homogenization in Reliability Data Banks A Scheme of Classifications. Paper 11.B.5, ANS/ENS Topical Meeting on PRA, September 1981. Colombo, A. G. and R. J. Jaarsma. Combination of Reliability Parameters from Different Data Sources. Proceedings of the 4th EuReDatA Conference, 1983. 

In the process of identifying chemical health hazards, tlie near term and long tenn fate of tlie hazard should be incorporated into tlie analysis. Near-term concerns relate primarily to tlie release of the chemical into the enviromnent. This leads to the general subject area of e.xposure assessment, including routes of e.xposure - a topic that is treated in e.xtensive detail in Cliapter 12. However, tlie fate of the chemical (hazard) following tlie point of human entry is another consideration when attempting to identify health hazards. An overview of tliis topic is presented here... 

Very recently, Olivier-Bourbigou and Magna [15], Sheldon [16], and Gordon [17] have published three excellent reviews presenting a comprehensive overview of current work in transition metal catalysis involving ionic liquids, with slightly different emphases. All three update previously published reviews on the same topic, by Wasserscheid and Keim [18], Welton [19] and Seddon and Holbrey [20]. 

Chapter 7 discusses a variety of topics all of which are related to the class of probabilistic CA (PCA) i.e. CA that involve some elements of probability in their state and/or time-evolution. The chapter begins with a physicist s overview of critical phenomena. Later sections include discussions of the equivalence between PCA and spin models, the critical behavior of PCA, mean-field theory, CA simulation of conventional spin models and a stochastic version of Conway s Life rule. 

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