Citing the literature

Authors should be judicious in citing the literature unnecessarily long lists of references should be avoided. (Author Information,/ Org. Chem. 2007, 72, I6A)... 

The third ACS-approved approach to citing the literature is to use authors last names and year of publication (author name, year). This format is relatively uncommon in ACS journals but is frequently used in journals of other scientihc disciplines, such as Ecology and Reviews of Modern Physics. With the author—date citation technique, the authors last names, followed by a comma, a space, and the year of publication are placed in parentheses (or brackets in some journals). Publications with three or more authors are referred to by the last name of the first author, followed by et ah, a comma, and the year. Multiple citations are separated by semicolons and listed in alphabetical order (by first author). 

Reference cites the literature from which the crystal data, atomic coordinates, and displacement factors were obtained. In many cases there are multiple refinements of the same zeolitic material, but because of space limitations not all refinements could be included. We would be appreciative if authors and users would inform us of any errors or omissions. A listing of the references for isotypic species can be found in the Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types (Baerlocher, McCusker and Olson (2007)). A list of references to structure analyses of zeolites with different cations, up to 1982, is given in the Compilation of Extra Framework Sites in Zeolites, Mortier (1982). 

A broader appreciation of Cl in organic mass spectrometry and of subtleties in the use of reagent gases may be obtained from the reviews cited. The literature in the biological sciences in considerable. Some recent examples serve to indicate scope in application biogenic amines [121] drugs and metabolites [116,120,122] and [123] in which a listing of... 

Reference cites the literature from which the crystal data, atomic coordinates, and temperature factors were obtained. In many cases there are multiple refinements of the same zeolitic material, but because of space limitations not all refinements could be included. We would be appreciative if... 

More procedures with experimental details for the preparation of benzanthrone can be found in the literature. " Other references related to the Bally-Scholl reaction are cited the literature. ... 

If the two interacting monomeric primary molecules are not present in equivalent amounts, the conditions are more complicated but remain in principle within the scope of the present discussion. It would lead too far to examine these more complex conditions further and it will suffice to cite the literature,especially Flory s work mentioned previously. ... 

Sloop et al. also demonstrated that PFj is the active reagent in the reaction with the solvent (a EC/DM mixture in their study), and that PF5 preferentially reacts with EC. They cite the literature [39] in proposing that EC reacts through a ring opening pol)merization with COa formation ... 

These equations lead to fomis for the thermal rate constants that are perfectly similar to transition state theory, although the computations of the partition functions are different in detail. As described in figrne A3.4.7 various levels of the theory can be derived by successive approximations in this general state-selected fomr of the transition state theory in the framework of the statistical adiabatic chaimel model. We refer to the literature cited in the diagram for details. 

Although the field of gas-phase kinetics remains hill of challenges it has reached a certain degree of maturity. Many of the fiindamental concepts of kinetics, in general take a particularly clear and rigorous fonn in gas-phase kinetics. The relation between fiindamental quantum dynamical theory, empirical kinetic treatments, and experimental measurements, for example of combustion processes [72], is most clearly established in gas-phase kmetics. It is the aim of this article to review some of these most basic aspects. Details can be found in the sections on applications as well as in the literature cited. 

In this chapter we shall first outline the basic concepts of the various mechanisms for energy redistribution, followed by a very brief overview of collisional intennoleciilar energy transfer in chemical reaction systems. The main part of this chapter deals with true intramolecular energy transfer in polyatomic molecules, which is a topic of particular current importance. Stress is placed on basic ideas and concepts. It is not the aim of this chapter to review in detail the vast literature on this topic we refer to some of the key reviews and books [U, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32] and the literature cited therein. These cover a variety of aspects of tire topic and fiirther, more detailed references will be given tliroiighoiit this review. We should mention here the energy transfer processes, which are of fiindamental importance but are beyond the scope of this review, such as electronic energy transfer by mechanisms of the Forster type [33, 34] and related processes. 

Other polymers, such as poly methacrylates, have been studied, as well as esters of naturally occurring polysaccharides. References can be found in the literature cited in the list of further reading. 

The numerous separations reported in the literature include surfactants, inorganic ions, enzymes, other proteins, other organics, biological cells, and various other particles and substances. The scale of the systems ranges from the simple Grits test for the presence of surfactants in water, which has been shown to operate by virtue of transient foam fractionation [Lemlich, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 37, 497 (1971)], to the natural adsubble processes that occur on a grand scale in the ocean [Wallace and Duce, Deep Sea Res., 25, 827 (1978)]. For further information see the reviews cited earlier. 

The solution of this partial differential equation is recorded in the literature (Otake and Kunigata, Kngaku Kogaku, 22, 144 [1958]). The plots of E(t ) against t are bell-shaped, resembling the corresponding Erlang plots. A relation is cited later between the Peclet number,... 

Two lists of gas/liquid reactions of industrial importance have been compiled recently. The literature survey by Danckwerts (Gas-Liquid Reactions, McGraw-Hill, 1970) cites 40 different systems. A supplementary list by Doraiswamy and Sharma (Heterogeneous Reactions Fluid-Lluid-Solid Reactions, Wiley, 1984) cites another 50 items, and indicates the most suitable land of reactor to be used for each. Estimates of values of parameters that may be expec ted of some types of gas/liquid reac tors are in Tables 23-9 and 23-10. 

Several other correlations are cited in the literature, some of which agree with the one quoted here. Pressure drop usually is not a major factor in the design of a trickle bed. 

The by-products consist of volatile cyclopentanone and an unknown high boiling material, so that rapid vacuum transfer at room temperature and 0.02 itm is also possible. Extremely slow distillation at high temperatures should be avoided. The value of 12°C (2.2 mm) cited in the literature seems to be in slight error. 

The literature on shock compression of solids has grown remarkably over the past thirty years. It is extremely difficult to review all pertinent works. However, a number of comprehensive reviews on the subject have been cited. 

The reflectivity for this simple case can be extended readily to more complex situations where there are concentration gradients in single films or multilayers comprised of different components. Basically the reflectivity can be calculated from a simple recursion relationship that effectively reduces any gradients in composition to a histogram representing small changes in the concentration as a function of depth. Details on this can be found in the literature cited. ... 

The literature in this area is extensive and some of the concepts and symbolism may be transitory. This chapter reviews the field at a level and with a coverage adequate for the experimentalist to use the standard relationships and to follow their use in the mechanistic literature. Research on the meaning of the extrathermody-namic relationships themselves is beyond our needs the interested reader can explore these ideas further in the references cited. Grunwald has reviewed the early history of LFERs. 

After all the compounds which were cited in the older literature as diaziridines had been shown to be incorrectly formulated, the first authentic diaziridines appeared in the literature in 1959. Schmitz obtained A-methyl-1,2-diaziridino-l, 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (34)... 

Biomass is generally made up of polymers, oligomers, monomers, and other nonpolymerizable simple organic compounds, including metallic salts and complexes [17,29,30]. Polymers are, of course, the major components and have been serving human civilizations from time immemorial. The literature on natural polymers is vast and only a few reviews and books are cited here for further reference [3,17,18,24,29-31,37-53]. The outstanding aspect of natural polymers is their wide variety, which provides innumerable opportunities for structural modifications and utilization. 

The figures in the table refer to the literature items in the list on page 827 after the table. Italic figures indicate that the methods referred to are qualitative only. Some of the reagents and methods are sufficiently well established to appear in standard textbooks and some of these are cited where they seem appropriate. 

Table 2 shows the empirical solvent parameters for the same solvents as Table 1. They are taken from Refs. [15], [29], [35], or [27] and the literature cited therein.

Despite the results from various experiments such as transference number measurements, polarographic studies, spectroscopic measurements, and dielectric relaxation studies in addition to conductivity measurements, unilateral triple-ions remain a matter of debate. For experimental examples and other hypotheses for the interpretation of conductance minima the reader is referred to Ref. [15] and the literature cited there. 

Table 10 shows a collection of typical battery electrolytes, their conductivities at various temperatures, the concentration of the salt, and references. More examples can be found in Ref. [15] and the literature cited therein... 

Data obtained by Adler and Axelrod26 for an interesting example are shown in Figure 7-6 other data will be found in the literature cited at the beginning of this section. In Figure 7-6, the influence on the intensity ratio is a superposition of the following effects (1) differential... 

---