Equipment Configurations

Many industrial crystallizers operate in a weU-mixed or nearly weU-mixed manner, and the equations derived above can be used to describe their performance. Furthermore, the simplicity of the equations describing an MSMPR crystallizer make experimental equipment configured to meet the assumptions lea ding to equation 44 useful in determining nucleation and growth kinetics in systems of interest. 

In most batch facilities, more than one batch of product will be in some stage of production at any given time. The batches in progress may or may not be using the same recipe. The maximum number of batches that can be in progress at any given time is a function of the equipment configuration for the plant. 

Safety issues in batch reaction systems relating to equipment configuration and layout are presented in Table 3. This table is meant to be illustrative but not comprehensive. A few key issues are presented below. 

Tisted below are safety practices aimed at minimizing hazards due to equipment configuration and layout. 

In addition to the information presented in this chapter, refer to Chapter 3, Equipment Configuration and Layout, for further discussions on shared vent and drain systems. 

This post-startup review team should report the results of their review to the management of the business unit responsible for the final tolled product. If operating parameters or equipment configurations different from those approved in the technology package, management should promptly assess any risk associated from the variances and either ... 

Process Overview The process overview includes topics related to the equipment configuration, chemical and physical changes achieved in the specific toll, and special safe work practices related to the operations, maintenance and materials. Emphasis should be given to any new equipment and chemical hazards the startup team will encounter. 

The goal of the basic infrared experiment is to determine changes in the intensity of a beam of infrared radiation as a function of wavelength or frequency (2.5-50 im or 4000—200 cm respectively) after it interacts with the sample. The centerpiece of most equipment configurations is the infrared spectrophotometer. Its function is to disperse the light from a broadband infrared source and to measure its intensity at each frequency. The ratio of the intensity before and after the light interacts with the sample is determined. The plot of this ratio versus frequency is the infrared spectrum. 

Under certain situations, for specific equipment configurations, it may be possible to safely operate above the NFPA limit of 60% of the LFL. If this method of operation is to be considered, system-specific test data should be generated which demonstrates dial the combusdble concentradon can be controlled in a safe manner, and only then in consultadon with appropriate company and (where required) regulatory authorities. 

Figure 4.36. Cross validation between two HPLCs A stock solution containing two compounds in a fixed ratio was diluted to three different concentrations (1 10 20) and injected using both the 10 and the 20 /xl loop on both instruments. The steps observed at Amount = 100 (gray ellipses) can be explained with effective loop volumes of 9.3 and 20 pi (model 1) and 14.3 and 20 pi (model 2) instead of nominally 10 and 20 pi. This is irrelevant as both a sample and the calibration solution will be run using the same equipment configuration. The curved portion of the model 2 calibration function was fitted using Y = A /x this demonstrates the nonlinearity of the response at these high concentrations. The angle between the full and the dotted line indicates the bias that would obtain if a one-point calibration scheme were used.

Various criteria were proposed for the optimal selection of the equipment configuration and the number and sizes of units. In grass-root design, the capital cost of equipment is mostly used as the optimization criterion. In retrofit design a more appropriate objective function seems to be the net profit, which has to be maximized. Papageorgaki and Reklaitis (1993) formulated the criterion as follows ... 

Other boundary conditions are the initial equipment configuration or the initial operating conditions. Initial conditions reflect the initial state of all components and support systems that are included in the FTA. This boundary condition describes the system in its normal, unfailed state. 

Define the equipment configuration. What valves are open or closed What are the liquid levels Is this a normal operation state ... 

Equipment configuration Solenoid valve open, reactor feed flowing. 

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