Engineering considerations

Special Engineering Considerations. Because tanks are used ia so many different ways, some specialized appHcations have been developed that have become fairly commonplace. 

Juvinall, R. C. 1967 Engineering Considerations of Stress, Strain and Strength. NY McGraw-Hill. 

Engineering Considerations To effect the good engineering design of an activated carbon adsorption system, it is first necessary to obtain information on the following the actual cubic feet per minute (ACFM) of air to be processed by the adsorber, the temperature of gas stream, the material(s) to be absorbed, the concentration of the material to be adsorbed, and if the intended application is air pollution control such as odor control - then the odor threshold of the material to be adsorbed. In addition, data is needed on the presence of other constituents in the gas stream, and whether or not solvent recovery is economical. 

Oxidation processes may rely on pH adjustment to enhance the chemical reaction. Figure 16 illustrates the typical configuration of a chemical oxidation process. The m or engineering considerations for chemical oxidation include reaction kinetics, mass transfer, by-products, temperature, oxidant concentration, pH and vent gas scrubbing. 

For the environmental consultant, an extensive overview of corrective action technologies is provided. Topics covered are the general concepts of corrective action programs, facility investigation principles, treatment technologies for wastes and waste streams, post treatment technologies and engineering considerations for corrective measures implementation. 

For a heat engine like a steam turbine in an electric power plant the low temperature is determined by the outdoor environment. This temperature is about 300 K. Engineering considerations limit the high temperature to about 800 K. The maximum efficiency according to Carnot is 0.63 or 63 percent. No matter how skilled the builders of a steam turbine, if the temperatures are 300 K and 800 K, the efficiency will never exceed 63 percent. When you realize that the efficiency can never be larger than about 63 percent, a realizable efficiency of 50 percent looks quite good. 

The final plant layout combines the various engineering considerations for soil conditions drainage railroad, truck and services access raw materials receiving waste materials removal climate effect on outdoor versus indoor operations and on types of structures prevailing wind direction for vent as well as climiatic moisture corrosion plant expansion and growth access to public, and many other general evaluation points. From these broad considerations the details are developed to suit the particular plant process and the combined effects of the location. 

Civil engineering considerations such as ground conditions and drainage. 

Solvents for PTC should be nonhydroxylic and immiscible with water. CHCI3, CH2CI2, chlorobenzene, toluene, and acetonitrile are commonly employed. If the reactant is liquid, extra solvent is not required. Although chloroform and methylene chloride are favourable from a chemistry point of view, engineering considerations often lead to the choice of chlorobenzene (and toluene) because of their lower solubility in water and higher boiling point. 

Reaction kinetics, catalyst handling, mass and heat transfer, corrosion and many other practical industrial chemistry and engineering considerations impact the success of scaleup from lab to commercial for batch processing. Since the starting point for scaleup studies is the ultimate intended commercial unit, the professional should scaledown from the design parameters and constraints of the proposed commercial unit. 

These and many other specifics have dictated a host of design variations. It should be emphasized that each application requires thoughtful engineering consideration before final design selection. 

O Brien, T.F. White, I.F. (1998) Process engineering considerations in chlorine compression and liquefaction. In Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 7 (ed. S. Sealey), pp. 202-213. Society of Chemical Industry, London and Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 

Fishman, A. M. A. I. Chem. E. Symposium Series No. 169, 73 (1977). Developments in Uranium enrichment, 43. The centar gas centrifuge enrichment project Economics and engineering considerations. 

Catalysts are so important in chemical industry that combinatorial-type approaches will certainly be utilized as tools in the identification and optimization of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. These are, in many cases, high value-added, commercially important materials. In any research activity it makes sense to remove any choke points that impede progress. However, many engineering considerations are important in producing commercial catalytic processes thus, combinatorial-type approaches are unlikely to be a panacea. Still, a variety of unanticipated discoveries may result from various efforts that are under way. 

C.2 Engineering Consideration. The primary engineering considerations in prebaking are the selection and maintenance of baking ovens. Several types of ovens such as forced air convection ovens, conduction ovens, and infrared heated ovens are commonly employed. The main requirements for baking hardware are ... 

---