Tire for reinforcement

Tire Cord. Melamine resins are also used to improve the adhesion of mbber to reinforcing cord in tires. Textile cord is normally coated with a latex dip solution composed of a vinylpyridine—styrene—butadiene latex mbber containing resorcinol—formaldehyde resin.. The dip coat is cured prior to use. The dip coat improves the adhesion of the textile cord to mbber. Further improvement in adhesion is provided by adding resorcinol and hexa(methoxymethyl) melamine [3089-11 -0] (HMMM) to the mbber compound which is in contact with the textile cord. The HMMM resin and resorcinol cross-link during mbber vulcanization and cure to form an interpenetrating polymer within the mbber matrix which strengthens or reinforces the mbber and increases adhesion to the textile cord. Brass-coated steel cord is also widely used in tires for reinforcement. Steel belts and bead wire are common apphcations. Again, HMMM resins and resorcinol [108-46-3] are used in the mbber compound which is in contact with the steel cord to reinforce the mbber and increase the adhesion of the mbber to the steel cord. This use of melamine resins is described in the patent Hterature (49). 

Staining antioxidants such as AJ-isopropyl-AT-phenyl-/>-phenylenediamine [101-72-4] (36) are preferred for the manufacture of tires (see also Amines, AROMATIC, PHEN YLENEDI amines). These potent antioxidants also have antiozonant activity and retard stress cracking of the vulcanized rubber. Carbon black (qv), used in tires for reinforcement, hides the color developed by the antioxidant. According to use requirements, up to 3% of an amine antioxidant having antiozonant activity is added prior to vulcanization. 

Other Reinforcement Ma.teria.Is. Other materials that have been used in tire compounds for reinforcement are chopped wire (brass-coated), cotton and nylon flock, chopped nylon strands, polyethylene, zinc oxide, and chopped Kevlar. Most of these materials have very limited apphcation and some are obsolete. Others are used more extensively in soHd mbber industrial tires than in pneumatics. 

The basis for reinforcement of a pneumatic tire requires placing the strength or tensile member in a preferred direction, depending on the location and cord function in the tire. An overview of the tire production process, including essential elements of transforming a continuous yam into a usehil embodiment for tire reinforcement, is shown in Figure 2. 

The pneumatic tire has the geometry of a thin-wallcd toroidal shell. It consists of as many as fifty different materials, including natural rubber and a variety ot synthetic elastomers, plus carbon black of various types, tire cord, bead wire, and many chemical compounding ingredients, such as sulfur and zinc oxide. These constituent materials are combined in different proportions to form the key components of the composite tire structure. The compliant tread of a passenger car tire, for example, provides road grip the sidewall protects the internal cords from curb abrasion in turn, the cords, prestressed by inflation pressure, reinforce the rubber matrix and carry the majority of applied loads finally, the two circumferential bundles of bead wire anchor the pressnrized torus securely to the rim of the wheel. 

Polyester fibers can be blended with natural fibers such as cotton and wool. The products have better qualities and are used for men s and women s wear, pillow cases, and bedspreads. Fiberfill, made from polyesters, is used in mattresses, pillows, and sleeping bags. High-tenacity polymers for tire cord reinforcement are equivalent in strength to nylon tire cords and are superior because they do not flat spot. V-belts and fire hoses made from industrial filaments are another market for polyesters. 

Generally speaking, commercial rubber products are manufactured as a composite from a rubber and a nano-filler, which is in a group of fillers of nanometer size (mainly, carbon black and particulate silica). For an example, a pneumatic tire for heavy-duty usages such as aircrafts and heavyweight tracks is made from natural rubber (NR) and carbon black and/or silica. Their reinforcing ability onto rubbers makes them an indispensable component in the rubber products [1,2]. 

Kevlar fibers are available in four forms Kevlar, Kevlar 29, Kevlar 49 and the recently developed Kevlar 149. Kevlar is designed specifically for reinforcements of elastomers (e.g. tires and belts), while Kevlar 29 is used primarily for tensile members sueh as ropes, cables, webbings and ballistic cloth. Kevlar 49 and 149 are designed for reinforcement of high performance PMCs. Kevlar 149 offers a 40%... 

Although a large number of synthetic elastomers are now available, natural rubber must still be regarded as the standard elastomer because of the excellently balanced combination of desirable qualities. The most important synthetic elastomer is styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which is used predominantly for tires when reinforced with carbon black. Nitrile rubber (NR) is a raudom copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene and is used when an elastomer is required that is resistant to swelling in organic solvents. 

Silica. The main uses of silica are in the treads of off-the-road tires for improved chunking and tear resistance and as a component of the bonding system for brass and zinc-plated steel cord. These are commonly used in radial passenger and truck tire belt skim stock. In addition the body plies of steel radial truck tires, hoses and belts, and footwear use significant volumes of silica as a reinforcing filler. 

This paper present the result of laboratory tests carried out to study the relative performance of waste tire rubber in asphalt pavement. The result demonstrates that waste tire rubber reinforcement is the most advantageous pavement reinforcement technique for improvement of asphalt fatigue life. 

Reinforcement for tires (belts or radial tires for cars and carcasses of radial tires for trucks) and, in general, for mechanical rubber goods. 

Steel in a wire or filamentary form is commonly used for reinforcement of tires and pressure hoses. It is also used for reinforcement of concrete, although more often than not, for this purpose it is in the form of a rod (diameter greater than 1 cm) rather than a wire. Steel wire with 0.8-0.9 wt% carbon (eutectoid steel) is used in pianos and in steel ropes used as cables in su iension bridges and for other structural purposes. We should emphasize the use of fine diameter steel... 

S.A.G. [Midwest Rubber Reclaiming] Fiber reclaimed from tires used for reinforcement in mud flaps, truck bed liners. 

Polyamides of this kind are widely used as textile fibers for wearing apparel, as cord for reinforcement of heavy-duty tires, and in a myriad of molded objects which can replace metal parts. 

The carbon blacks obtained by pyrolysis of special fractions of petroleum show typical properties, which are needed for reinforcing the rubber in tires, as shown in Reference [56] on this particular subject. 

Hydraulic structures using scrap tires for bank protection include tire mats, revetment (retaining walls, seawalls, revet mattresses), and tire-concrete imits. In search for economical bank-protection structures, the use of scarp tires as a less-expensive alternative is desirable, considering the costs of the metal and concrete used in reinforced-concrete construction, especially in developing countries. Whole scrap tires can be utilized for surface erosion control, beach and slope protection, and stream bank stabilization. In these applications, scrap tires are banded together and partially or completely buried on imstable slopes. Tires can be used with other stabilization materials to reinforce an unstable highway shoulder or protect a channel slope remained stable and can provide economical and immediate solutions. In bank protection structures, tires are laced together by steel cables and used as a protective layer or mat over stream banks or soil embankments. The top, toe, upstream and downstream ends of the mattress are tied into the banks. Used tires with metal cords were shown to bean excellent construction material that can partially replace reinforced concrete for protection of river banks and canal walls [19]. 

Initially, Kevlar was used in car tires as reinforcement for the elastomeric matrix (rubber) however, nowadays the most widely known appHcation of Kevlar/epoxy is in body armor [27]. Other uses include fireproof suits for firefighters, gloves, and helmets [28]. Their high strength-to-weight ratio makes them more suitable for use as reinforcement, for example, in composite materials primarily where flexure properties are important, such as aircraft wings [29]. 

Automotive tires constitute the classic example of carbon-black reinforced elastomers. The elastomer can be either natural rubber—as typically is the case of truck and aircraft tires, or else a synthetic mbber—as is typical for automobile tires. However, reinforcing fillers constitute only one of many additives. There are also antioxidants, light stabilizers,... 

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