Volume, significance

Further, disruption of the GR in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety-like behavior. In two tests based on the natural avoidance behavior of mice (dark-light-emergency task and elevated zero-maze see also chapter Ohl, this volume), significantly reduced anxiety-hke behavior was recorded while the general locomotor activity of mutant and control mice was similar (Tronche et al. 1999). 

The effect of hypothermia in combination with thrombolytics has also been evaluated in only a few experimental studies. Meden et al. (11) studied differences in thrombolytic effectiveness in a rat embolic stroke model. In this study, 2 h of intraischemic hypothermia was administered with or without thrombolytic therapy. Thrombolysis was initiated at 2 h after ischemia onset. The investigators found that both hypothermia and thrombolysis significantly reduced infarct volume, but they could not demonstrate any added benefit of thrombolysis over hypothermia alone. A recent study by Wang et al. (12) used a focal embolic brain ischemia model to study the effects of minocycline, an antiinflammatory agent, alone or in combination with mild hypothermia (34—35°C started 1 h after embolization, 2-h duration). The results showed that both minocycline and the hypothermia-minocycline combination reduced infarct volume significantly, but no additive effect was observed. 

Figure 10. This series of photographs from a bottle test shows the emulsion separating over time as evidenced by the steady increase in the upper oil phase. The lower water phase contains most of the solids but does not change in volume significantly. The interface emulsion in between the oil and water steadily decreases (destabilizes) in volume and resolves into the oil and water phases. As shown in Figure J, these interface emulsions can have a complex morphology or structure.

GF separates proteins with differences in molecular size. The technique is ideal for the final polishing steps in a purification when sample volumes have been reduced (sample volume significantly influences speed and resolution in gel filtration). Samples are eluted isocratically (single buffer, no gradient Figure 41). Buffer conditions are varied to suit the sample type or the requirements for further purification, analysis or storage step, since buffer composition does not directly affect resolution. Proteins are collected in purified form in the chosen buffer. 

The Sound (Fig. 1) is a large estuary in which the dominant source of power is thought to be the tide. However, observations of sediment resuspension and transport in water much too deep for the bottom to be affected by waves generated by the wind, show temporal variability that cannot be accounted for in terms of tidal constituents (see following article, this volume). Significant mechanical power must be entering the Sound from other sources. 

A typical example of the use of MSA is the determination of sodium by AES in an industrial plant stream of unknown composition. A representative sample of the plant stream is taken and split into four aliquots of 100 mL each. The first ahquot is left untreated this is called the no add or zero add sample. To the second aliquot, 100 p,g Na is added to the 100 mL sample in such a way as to not change the volume significantly. This can be done by adding a 10 p,L volume of a 10,000 ppm Na solution to the sample. A 10,000 ppm Na solution contains 10,000 p,g Na/mL, so a 10 p,L portion contains 100 p,g Na as shown ... 

Fig. 4.9 The relationship of infarct volume at one day after various periods of focal ischemia. The black portion of the hemi-section at 1, 2 4 and 6 h of focal ischemia indicates the areas destined for infarction 1 day after reperfusion. This figure clearly shows that the status of a given region is subject to change with increasing periods of ischemia. Clearly, the initial characteristics of the penumbra of being electrical quiescent with normal extracellular is subject to changes with time and is only a transient condition. The asterisks ( ) indicate the infarct volume significantly different from those of permanent focal ischemia...

In spite of their low radioactivity level, all the primary circuit wastes are to be disposed, their volume significantly exceeding that of the spent core fuel subassemblies. 

Changes in volume significantly affect the reaction rate only when one or more of the reactants or products is a gas and the reaction is run in a closed container. In these cases the effect of decreasing the volume of the reacting gases is equivalent to increasing their... 

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