Road tires

In tires, carbon black is important because of the high flex fatigue and tear strength requirements of this product. Poor dispersion can result in premature cracking in both treads and sidewalls. In off-the-road tires poor dispersion results in excessive chip/chunk causing a significant loss in treadwear in addition to tread lug cracking which can lead to loss of an entire lug (radial tread bar). 

Other qualities sought in a tire include ride quality, cornering ability, traction characteristics on both dry and slippery roads, tire noise, life, and cost. Addressing these qualities often opposes the objective of lower rolling resistance. 

Lower-aspect ratio for automobile tires, higher load-carrying capacity, and reduced size for tmck tires would be key sectors for development. Farm and off-road tire will face demand for higher speeds, more ride comfort, and enhanced traction. Development of advanced higher-strength reinforcement will lead to lower weight and reduced thickness for the tire. 

Silica. The main uses of silica are in the treads of off-the-road tires for improved chunking and tear resistance and as a component of the bonding system for brass and zinc-plated steel cord. These are commonly used in radial passenger and truck tire belt skim stock. In addition the body plies of steel radial truck tires, hoses and belts, and footwear use significant volumes of silica as a reinforcing filler. 

A large proportion of the circa 3.7 x 106 t/yr of natural mbber used in tires is consumed in tmck tires, off-the-road tires, and aircraft tires, all of which demand a low heat buildup performance. The retreading of tmck tires was also the province of natural mbber until the precured process was developed. Prior to the advent of this technique, the tack of natural mbber was essential for the unvulcanized mbber to adhere onto the buffed carcass, and the thickness of the shoulder region was such that the low heat buildup of natural mbber was essential to ensure that no failure occurred in service. With the precured tread process neither of these attributes were necessary and, synthetic mbber, which was and continues to be used, was found to give particularly good wear performance under low severity conditions, especially in the United States. However, work (56) has shown that natural mbber-based formulations can be developed which give a similar order of wear performance to the all-synthetic mbber tread, but with the additional benefit of lower rolling resistance, and hence better fuel economy. 

Background. The tire plant in Maryland produces bias-ply passenger, truck, and off-road tires 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. On the average, the tire company mixes approximately... 

N125 117 104 Tire treads for trucks, off-road tires... 

Vehicle dynamics (ABS, ASR, ABC, ESP (Electronic stability program), AAS (Active additional steering), adaptive cruise control road tire friction control),... 

About 242 million automotive, truck, and off-road tires are discarded in the United States each year. This is approximately equal to one waste tire per person per year. Additionally, there are 33.5 million tires that are retreaded and an estimated 10 million that are reused each year as second-hand tires. It is estimated that 7 percent of the discarded tires are currently being recycled into new products and 11 percent are converted to energy. Nearly 78 percent are being landfilled, stockpiled, or illegally dumped, with the remainder being exported. 

The number of scrap tires generated annually is about 281 million.f Passenger tires account for 84% of the tires scrapped in a year, while light and heavy trucks contribute 15%, and the remaining 1% is generated from aircraft, heavy equipment, and off-road tires. 

B-. [Midwest Rubber Reclaiming] Reclaimed rubber used in carcass, sidewall, and umtertiead oS passenger. It truck, and oif-road tires, and general purpose mech. goods. 

The bond graph of the full model is also given in Fig. 2.5 and has six ideal energy elements, two of each type (/, C, and / ), and their parameters are given in Table 2.1. Note that the model includes only the system dynamics in the vertical direction the constant forward speed is used only to convert the spatial road description Zr x) into a temporal vertical velocity input, Vr(t), at the road/tire interface as shown in... 

Apart from the noise emission into the environment, the interior sound and vibration characteristics are crucial for the passengers comfort, thus representing essential design drivers. Sources for disturbing noise and vibration within the passenger compartment are mostly the same as for the emission into the environment, namely the combustion engine, power-train and intake- and exhaust-systems. Furthermore, HVAC-systems, auxiliary equipment, aerodynamicaUy and road-tire-contact generated noise and vibration are considerable sources for the NVH quality impression [148]. 

Although the consumption of polymer is small, an important use of natural rubber is in off-the-road tires, such as earthmover tires and aircraft tires. Earth-mover treads can be compounded with natural rubber to have excellent tear resistance and to reduce torn treads and chunkouts. In aircraft tires, the natural tread absorbs well the blow in landing. Natural rubber is little used in retreads although frequently used in the cushion gum, the thin rubber compound layer that joins the tread to the tread base in retreading. 

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