International Federation

The Society of Cosmetic Chemists, with individual memberships, was founded in the United States after World War II, based on the beHef that scientific expertise and exchange were the foundations for future expansion of the cosmetic industry. Prior to that time, knowledge of cosmetic formulation was jealously guarded. Related scientific societies emerged in other countries and have since joined to form the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists. 

At the first eonferenee of the International Federation of Automatie Control (IFAC), Kalman (1960) introdueed the dual eoneept of eontrollability and observability. At the same time Kalman demonstrated that when the system dynamie equations are linear and the performanee eriterion is quadratie (LQ eontrol), then the mathematieal problem has an explieit solution whieh provides an optimal eontrol law. Also Kalman and Buey (1961) developed the idea of an optimal filter (Kalman filter) whieh, when eombined with an optimal eontroller, produeed linear-quadratie-Gaussian (LQG) eontrol. 

Burns, R.S. and Richter, R. (1995) A Neural Network Approach to the Control of Surface Ships, Journal of Control Engineering Practice, International Federation of Automatic Control, Elsevier Science, 4(3), pp. 411M16. 

International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC)... 

There are, at present, eleven operations research societies in different countries. There is also an International Federation of Operations Research Societies (IFORS). In addition to the journals published by these societies, a journal called International Abstracts in Operations Research has made its appearance. 

In order to comply with all of the objectives which have been stated above, plus international, Federal, state and local regulations, a concerted effort has been made to evolve new packaging materials, new packaging techniques, and to develop new containers (Refs 1—4, 8—10,12, 14—... 

In 1978 the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry produced a comprehensive summary of the objectives of External Quality Assessment (IFCC 1978). The first six points of Table 4.1 summarize the IFCC objectives the seventh has developed since that time and is of considerable importance in many countries where strict control over laboratories undertaking particular types of work is required by legislation or by appropriate professional organizations. 

Ingamells CO, PiTARD FF (1986) Applied Geochemical Analysis, pp L-84.Wiley, New York. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) (1978) Expert Panel on Nomenclature and Principles of Quality Control in Clinical Chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 83 L89F-202F. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1993) Guide to the expression of uncertainty. Geneva. 

At the end of 1996, a collaboration agreement was signed between the European Commission and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) for the joint IRMM/IFCC production and certification of clinical reference materials. 

McQueen MJ, Roberts HR, Siest G (1995) Reference materials and reference measurement systems in laboratory medicine - a major international meeting organized by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), Geneva, October 5-7, 1994. Europ J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 33 977-999. 

FIGURE 91-2. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (IFGO) staging algorithm. 

J. E. Rijnsdorp, in H. Schwarz (Editor), Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Symposium, Diisseldorf (F.R.G.), October 11 13, 1971, Vol. 4 (Survey Papers), North-Holland, Amsterdam 3rd and 4th Symposia, Manchester (U.K.), 1974, and Fredericton (Canada), 1977, respectively. 

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) (1995), GATT, TRIPs and the Pharmaceutical Industry a Review, Geneva IFPMA. 

Homepage IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) http //www.ifoam.org/ (7.21.2005)... 

In 1990, EFTA was established representing 12 organisations importing fair trade products. As a proportion of fair trade imports, EFTA represents around 60% of European market. Fair trade shops expanded in Europe after the 1970s and now there are more than 3000 in 18 European countries. The International Federation of Alternative Trade (IFAT) was established in 1989, as an umbrella organisation for ATOs from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Japan and North and South America (EFTA, 1998). 

Clinical chemistry, particularly the determination of the biologically relevant electrolytes in physiological fluids, remains the key area of ISEs application [15], as billions of routine measurements with ISEs are performed each year all over the world [16], The concentration ranges for the most important physiological ions detectable in blood fluids with polymeric ISEs are shown in Table 4.1. Sensors for pH and for ionized calcium, potassium and sodium are approved by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and implemented into commercially available clinical analyzers [17], Moreover, magnesium, lithium, and chloride ions are also widely detected by corresponding ISEs in blood liquids, urine, hemodialysis solutions, and elsewhere. Sensors for the determination of physiologically relevant polyions (heparin and protamine), dissolved carbon dioxide, phosphates, and other blood analytes, intensively studied over the years, are on their way to replace less reliable and/or awkward analytical procedures for blood analysis (see below). 

The properties of a pH electrode are characterized by parameters like linear response slope, response time, sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility/accuracy, stability and biocompatibility. Most of these properties are related to each other, and an optimization process of sensor properties often leads to a compromised result. For the development of pH sensors for in-vivo measurements or implantable applications, both reproducibility and biocompatibility are crucial. Recommendations about using ion-selective electrodes for blood electrolyte analysis have been made by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) [37], IUPAC working party on pH has published IUPAC s recommendations on the definition, standards, and procedures... 

Behrmann, G., Brinksma, E., Hendriks, M. and Mader, A. (2005a) Scheduling Lacquer Production by Reachability Analysis- a Case Study. Proceedings of the 16-th IFAC World Congress. International Federation of Automatic Control, Laxenburg, Austria. 

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Bonn Kramer KJ, Moll HC, Nonhebel S (1999) Total greenhouse gas emissions related to the Dutch crop production system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 72 9-16... 

IFOAM (2008) The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Bonn, Germany, p 272 Inderjit DSO (2003) Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy. Planta 217 529-539 Inderjit BPC (2004) Sorption of benzoic acid onto soil colloids and its implications for allelopathy studies. Biol Fertil Soils 40 345-348... 

Observing World Health Organization, International Federation of... 

International Federation of Fruit Juice Producers International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)... 

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA)... 

There are six parties directly involved in ICH as well as observers and the International Federation of Pharmaceufical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA see Table 25.1). The six parties are the founder members of ICH, and fhey represenf fhe regulatory bodies and the research-based industry in the European Union (EU), Japan, and the United States in the EU, the European Federation of Pharmaceufical Indusfries and Associations (EFPIA) and the Ministry of Healfh, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan, the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA) and in the United States, the FDA and the Pharmaceutical Researchers and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). 

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