Neural mechanisms

The neural mechanisms underlying the placebo effect are only partially understood and most of our knowledge comes from pain, although recently Parkinson s disease, immune and endocrine responses, and depression have emerged as interesting models (Fig. 1). In each of these... 

The studies with PET and fMRI tell us that placebo analgesia and opioid analgesia share a common neural mechanism and that pain transmission is inhibited by placebos, but they do not allow to conclude that the placebo-activated descending network is an opioid... 

Koob GF Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 654 171-191, 1992... 

Cole, D.F. (1984). Sensory and neural mechanisms in contraction of the rabbit isolated spincter pupillae. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 153-163. 

The goal of this chapter is to review recent morphologic studies in which current anatomic me ods have been used to characterize the neurotoxic effects of psychoactive amphetamine derivatives. Several strategies combining anatomic with biochemical data have been employed to analyze the effects of selected drugs in this class. These studies show that psychoactive drugs that have selective neurotoxic effects can be useful experimental tools to study the neural mechanisms of elusive brain functions such as affective state control and perceptual integration. 

Brennan P. and Keveme E.B. (2000). Neural mechanisms of olfactory recognition memory. In Brain, Perception, Memory — Advances in Cognitive Neuroscience (Bolhuis J.J., ed.). Oxford University Press, pp. 93-111. 

Keveme E.B. and Kaba H. (1990). A neural mechanism for olfactory learning. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 5 (MacDonald D., Mtiller-Schwarze D. and Natynczuk S.E., eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 87-99. 

Li C., Kaba H., Saito H. and Seto K. (1990). Neural mechanisms underlying the action of primer pheromones in mice. Neuroscience 36, 773-778. 

Pain has always been described as a symptom. However, recent advances in the understanding of neural mechanisms have demonstrated that unrelieved pain may lead to changes in the nervous system known as neural plasticity. Since these changes reflect a process that influences a physiologic response, pain, particularly chronic pain, may be considered a disease unto itself. 

Consistent with these observations, there is some evidence that caffeine may act, in part, on dopaminergic fibers that project into the medial forebrain bundle. Other psychostimulants also appear to act on this system, which may be at least one of the neural mechanisms involved in the development of dependence.271 Further work has suggested a parallel between caffeine and another highly addictive drug, alcohol. Many of the same factors that enter into the development of alcoholism may also influence the development of dependence on caffeine.272... 

Neural mechanisms of the hypnogenic effect of adenosine the case for an Ai-receptor-mediated action in the BF... 

Koob GF (1992a). Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 171-191. 

Price, D. D. Central neural mechanisms that interrelate sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Mol. Interv. 2 392-403, 339, 2002. 

Brennan, RA. and Keveme, E.B. (1997) Neural mechanisms of mammalian olfactory learning. Prog. Neurobiol. 51, 457—481. 

Johnston, R. E. (1990) Chemical communication in golden hamsters from behavior to molecules and neural mechanisms. In D. A. Dewsbury (Ed.), Contemporary Issues in Comparative Psychology. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, pp. 381—412. 

Greer JJ, Carter JE. 1995. Effects of cyanide on the neural mechanisms controlling breathing in the neonatal rat in vitro. Neuro Toxicology 16(2) 211-216. 

Each emotion is likely to prove to be mediated by particular neural mechanisms (Ekman, 1994, p. 18). For example, feeding is (partly) controlled by the lateral hypothalamic area and ventromedial nucleus of the hypthalamus. This criterion for an emotion has been useful for distinguishing among the various types of aggression. Different neural... 

Bafour DJ. (1994). Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine dependence. Addiction. 89(11) 1419-23. Bafour DJ, Benwell ME, Birrell CE, Kelly RJ, Al-Aloul M. (1998). Sensitization of the mesoaccumbens dopamine response to nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 59(4) 1021-30. 

Price DD. (1988). Psychological and Neural Mechanisms of Pain. New York Raven Press, 1988. 

Watkins SS, Koob GF, Markou A (2000) Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal. Nicotine Tob Res 2 19-37 West RJ, Russell MA (1985) Effects of withdrawal from long-term nicotine gum use. Psychol Med 15 891-893... 

Neural mechanisms of communication from pheromones to mosaic signals. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 9, ed. A. Marchlewska-Koj, J. J. Lepri, and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 61-67. New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 

Communication by mosaic signals Individual recognition and underlying neural mechanisms. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 10, ed. R. T. Mason, M. P. LeMaster, and D. Miiller-Scliwarze, pp. 269-282. New York Springer. 

In the years that followed the discovery of LTP as a candidate neural mechanism for the memory trace, innumerable studies sought to substantiate the... 

Analogous to 5-HT ia KO mice, the neural mechanisms underlying increased anxiety-related behavior and reduced exploratory locomotion in mice with a disruption of the 5-HTT gene may relate to excess serotonergic neurotransmission which is expected to cause enhanced activation of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors. Both in vivo microdialysis in striatum and in vivo chronoamperom-etry in hippocampus revealed that 5-HTT null-mutant mice exhibit an approximately fivefold increase in extracellular concentrations of 5-HT and an absence of transporter-mediated clearance, although brain tissue 5-HT concentrations are markedly reduced by 40%-60% (Bengel et al. 1998). 

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