Heavy-Duty Engines

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Cetane Improvers. Compared to dedicated alcohol engines, fewer hardware changes need to be made to heavy-duty engines using cetane... 

A. Lawson, A. J. Last, A. S. Desphande, and E. W. Simmons, "Heavy-Duty Tmck Diesel Engine Operation on Unstabihzed Methanol/Diesel Euel Emulsion," SAE Paper 810346, (SP-480) Int. Congress and Expo (Detroit, Mich., Peb. 23—27,1981) Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

M. D. Jackson, S. Uimasch, and D. D. Lowell, "Heavy-Duty Methanol Engines Wear and Emissions," 8th Int. Sjmp. onylkoholFuels (Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 13-16,1988). 

R. A. Brown, J. A. Nicholson, M. D. Jackson, and C. Sullivan, "Methanol-Pueled Heavy-Duty Tmck Engine AppHcations The CEC Program." V4E Paper 890972, SyPE 40th yinnualEarthmoving Industj Conf. (Peoria, lU., April 11—13,1989) Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

R. Baranescu and co-workers, "Prototype Development of a Methanol Engine for Heavy-Duty AppHcation-Performance and Emissions," Sy4E Paper 891655, SyPE Future Transportation Technology Conf. (Aug. 7—20,1989), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

M. D. Jackson, C. Sullivan, and P. Wuebben, "California s Demonstration of Heavy-Duty Methanol Engines ia Tmcking AppHcations," 9th Int. 

H. O. Hardenburg, "Comparative Study of Heavy-Duty Engine Operation with Diesel Puel and Ignition-Improved Methanol," Sy4E Paper 872095, SyPE Int. Fuels and Eubricants Meeting andExpo. (Toronto, Canada, Nov. 2—5,1987), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

Owing to its properties, methanol is not recommended for aircraft or marine fuel uses. Methanol caimot be used in conventional diesel-powered vehicles without modifications to the fuel system and engine. Simple methanol—diesel blends are not possible because of insolubiUty. Heavy-duty diesel engines have been adapted to use neat methanol by many U.S. manufacturers, and several are being used in field demonstrations (82) (see Alcohol fuels). 

Heavy-duty diesel engines can also be modified to operate on neat methanol. Emissions of NO and particulates are generaHy lower than the original engine. These types of engines have typicaHy been used in urban buses to help reduce ambient poHution levels. 

Uses. Indium s first commercial use was in the production of dental alloys (see Dental MATERIALS), but its first significant use was in the production of bearings for heavy-duty and high speed service (see Bearing materials). The advent of jet engines has reduced this use, but indium is still used in high performance engines. 

The freezing point of the coolant should be monitored for coolants in all types of service. Additionally, maintenance of the corrosion inhibitor levels is requited of the heavy-duty service coolants and the stationary engine coolants. Because corrosion inhibitors and combinations of corrosion inhibitors work most effectively at given concentrations and specific ratios to the other inhibitors, appropriate concentrations must be maintained to maximize corrosion protection. Many manufacturers of coolants for stationary engines, and manufacturers of SCAs, provide an analytical service to monitor the effective inhibitor concentrations in the system periodically. Recommendations can then be made for proper maintenance and inhibitor replenishment. 

With binary copper—lead, the continuous copper phase provides the primary load support while pockets of 20—50% lead supply a continuous lead surface film. Tin content of 3—5% is commonly incorporated with the lead to minimi2e corrosion. Copper—lead alloys, either cast or sintered on a steel back, provide good fatigue resistance for heavy-duty main and connecting rod bearings for auto, tmck, diesel, and aircraft engines. 

With internaJ-combustion engines, automatic transmissions are frequently used these are easily justified when vehicles must make many moves during the day. Smooth as is the control afforded by automatic transmissions, it is neveriheless inferior to that provided by electric trucks, especially those with solid-state controls. Gasoline and diesel power are also used, but mostly for outdoor equipment and very-heavy-duty units. 

Maintenance and Reliability Preventive maintenance requires that all engines be shut down at periodic intervals for inspection and repair. For properly maintained heavy-duty engines availability is over 97 percent, with maintenance costs of 2.50 to 5 per horse-power-year and lubricating-oil consumption of 1 to 2 gal/hp-year. While this represents a high degree of reliability, outages of heavy-duty engines are more frequent than those of electric motors or steam turbines. 

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