Equipment sensitivity

Both Ps and Pa can be estimated from an analysis of historical accident data. The principal challenge is in developing a statistical approach for estimating Pe as a function of lightning-strike intensity, induced transient levels, and equipment sensitivity. In addition, the Pe values for several equipment types must be considered when determining a system failure probability. 

Fluorescence polarization (polarization FIA) Homogeneous assays, rapid and precise specialized equipment sensitivity often low (38)... 

The safety related equipment sensitive to electromagnetic radiation should first be identified. The equipment should be qualified by testing to show that it can withstand the electromagnetic environment in which it should work. Alternatively it should be shielded or moved from that environment. 

When 0.1 kg H2 was injected into the ventilated duct with a 20 s time delay, the pressure impulse occurred to be outside of the measuring equipment sensitivity. In the test when 2.2 kg H2 was injected into the ventilated duct for a 420 s period (1.6 m /s flow), no noticeable pressure waves were recorded. 

Because solvent transfer effects are measured, VPO is a dynamic method. This leads to a time-dependent measurement of AT. Depending on technical details of the equipment, sensitivity of the temperature detector, measuring temperature, solvent vapor pressure and polymer concentration in the solution drop, a steady state for AT can be obtained after some minutes. The value of AT is the basis for thermodynamic data reduction see below. If measuring conditions do not allow a steady state, an extrapolation method to AT at zero measuring time can be employed for data reduction. Sometimes a value is used that is obtained after a predetermined time. However, this may lead to some problems with knowing the exact polymer concentration in the solution. The extrapolation method is somewhat more complicated and needs experience of the experimentator but gives an exact value of polymer concentration. Both methods are used within solvent activity measurements where polymer concentrations are higher and condensation is faster than in common pol mer characterization experiments. 

The first step will establish certain minimum requirements for those parameters that are defined in part 1 inherent unsharpness, contrast sensitivity, distortion, and homogeneity. The result will be three different equipment classes SC1, SC2, SC3 (see table 1). 

The advantages of this approach for part 3 of the standard lie in the fact that no specifications on geometrical magnifications need to be made since these parameters implicitly result from the demanded IQI detectability. Furthermore, the standard is open to additional applications. All that is needed is to the definition of the respective equipment class and a specification on the respective IQI sensitivities. 

As the safety and quality of industrial components, equipments and constructions is correlated with the inspection sensitivity and this is influenced in radiography by the film system class, a continuous supervision of the film systems on the market seems to be urgently necessary. To support the confidence of the film users in the film properties specified by the film manufacturers such a system for quality assurance for industrial x-ray films is proposed by some manufacturers and BAM. This system will be open to all manufacturers, distributers and users of x-ray films. It will deal with all film systems inclusive those which are not specified by a manufacturer as for instance mixed systems. The system for quality assurance will be based... 

A method that would enable detection and classification of the bone content in 100% of the incoming frozen fish blocks in real time without delaying the production line was desired. An obvious solution to this was the use of X-ray inspection. X-ray inspection however requires the integration of a highly sensitive inspection equipment with the corrosive atmosphere associated with food processing as well as the tough restrictions imposed by the health authorities regarding irradiation of food. 

As any conventional probe, acoustic beam pattern of ultrasound array probes can be characterized either in water tank with reflector tip, hydrophone receiver, or using steel blocks with side-drilled holes or spherical holes, etc. Nevertheless, in case of longitudinal waves probes, we prefer acoustic beam evaluation in water tank because of the great versatility of equipment. Also, the use of an hydrophone receiver, when it is possible, yields a great sensitivity and a large signal to noise ratio. 

The available sensitivity depends strongly on the equipment as well as the sample. H is the nucleus of choice for most experiments. 1 mg of a sample of a medium-sized molecule is adequate for almost all types of H-only spectra, and with specialized equipment one can work with nanogram quantities. At this lower level, the... 

Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. 

At one time thiols were named mercaptans Thus CH3CH2SH was called ethyl mercaptan according to this system This nomenclature was abandoned beginning with the 1965 revision of the lUPAC rules but is still sometimes encountered When one encounters a thiol for the first time especially a low molecular weight thiol its most obvious property is its foul odor Ethanethiol is added to natural gas so that leaks can be detected without special equipment—your nose is so sensitive that it can detect less than one part of ethanethiol m 10 000 000 000 parts of arr The odor of thiols weakens... 

The requirements of the analysis determine the best method. In choosing a method, consideration is given to some or all the following design criteria accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, ruggedness, scale of operation, analysis time, availability of equipment, and cost. Each of these criteria is considered in more detail in the following sections. 

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