Threat hazard assessment

Threat Hazard Assessment (THA) helps in establishing guidelines for the sensitivity assessment of munitions. The purpose of an insensitive munitions program is to increase the survivability of ships and aircraft by making munitions less sensitive to unplanned stimuli. MIL-STD-2105 (Series) provides a... 

The threat hazard assessment is an evaluation of a munition and its life-cycle environmental profile to determine the threats and hazards to which the munition may be exposed. The assessment includes threats posed by friendly munitions, enemy munitions, accidents, handling, transportation, storage, and so on. The assessment is based on analytical or empirical data to the best extent possible. A THA is a mandatory requirement specified in MIL-STD-2105 (Series), Hazard Assessment Tests for Non-Nuclear Munitions. A THA covers the fife cycle of the munition item, including friendly and hostile environments starting with production delivery and extending until the item is expended, or properly disposed. The THA identifies threats and hazards, both qualitatively and quantitatively, along with their causes and effects. 

A simplified downwind hazard assessment can be developed by plotting these protective action distances in the form of a map overlay. The initial isolation distance is the radius of a circle immediately surrounding the point of release where people may potentially be exposed to dangerous or life threatening concentrations of vapor. The downwind distances indicate the area of potential threat posed by vapors carried by the wind. The downwind threat... 

The US Army conducts operations in areas where potential adversaries could use NBC weapons. These weapons range from a megaton nuclear weapon used to destroy an entire city to a barrel of industrial chemicals used to contaminate an important road intersection. In addition to their destructive power, NBC weapons have political, psychological, operational, and strategic impact. The use of passive measures such as proactive NBC defense procedures is a potential tool to reduce the threat of NBC weapons. In the event of the use of NBC weapons, the medical personnel must be prepared to provide a variety of services including medical treatment, site hazard surveys, and medical hazard assessments. 

A. Theater Army Medical Laboratory (TAML). TAML s mission is to identify and evaluate health hazard in an area of operations by using laboratory analyses and rapid health hazard assessment of nuclear, radiological, biological, chemical, endemic disease, environmental and occupations heath threats. 

B. Preventive Medicine Detachment. This detachment provides technical consultation support on preventive medicine issues throughout its area of responsibility. The unit provides specialized support in the areas of disease and non-battle injuries (DNBI) surveillance, health physics, disease vector identification, environmental engineering, health threat profile, and health hazard assessment. Its medical NBC capabilities may include but are not limited to ... 

To get an early estimate of the potential (risk) or direct threat (hazard) by contaminants, like heavy metals, environmental assessments should check at first, if... 

Each kind of protective eyewear is designed to protect against specific hazards. By completing the hazard assessment of the workplace outlined in the previous section, you will be able to identify the specific workplace hazards that pose a threat to employees eyes and faces. Train employees to use and care for the eye protection provided. Employees must know how to clean their eye protectors. Allow time at the end of their shifts to do the following ... 

The information on assets and infrastructure identification will help stakeholders begin to identify and prioritize a school s critical assets and infrastructure. This component must be undertaken in an effort to identify the appropriate mitigation strategies of the facility or complex. In relation to this, the threat and hazard assessment will focus on potential school threats and hazards while emphasizing the need for situational awareness of incidents both in the complex and the surrounding community. Both assessments will prepare the team for the execution of the vulnerability assessment. 

The assets and infrastructure identification assessment can be a very time-consuming process but is necessary to adequately identify the school s infrastructure. This information is used to target efforts on those systems and assets that are necessary to best protect the students, staff, and other individuals located within the school. When this information has been collected, the assessment team should focus on the execution of an inclusive threat and hazard assessment. 

The hazard assessment and bnffer/proximity analysis for the school identified both highway and indnstrial threats in the vicinity of Lufkin Middle School, as well as a CSX-owned railway located approximately one-half mile to the west of the school. The Clande M. Pope Memorial Freeway (US 1), lies only 75 meters from the school. This stretch of the freeway had an average annual daily traffic volume of eighteen to forty-one thousand vehicles. 

The physicochemical hazard assessment must consider the potential threats from combustion, explosiveness, oxidizability, and metal corrosion. The human health risk assessment must qualitatively rank the hazard presented by the new substance, and the submitter must provide "the doses (concentration) of the new chemical substance. .. to match its no-hazard or minimum hazard status," akin to a DNEL as described in Chapter 2. The environmental hazard assessment must qualify the hazard level as severe, medium, or mild and a concentration akin to the PNEC, as discussed in Chapter 2, derived. The exposure assessment comprises two parts a simple exposure forecast and assessment and a detailed exposure forecast and assessment. The latter includes a material balance on manufacturing or processing, and exposure scenarios for different exposure routes that describe the extent, range, and frequency of exposures. The results of the hazard... 

We will be performing workplace hazard assessment for workplace security in the form of periodic inspections. Periodic inspections to identify and evaluate workplace security hazards and threats of workplace violence are performed by the following observers in the following areas of our workplace ... 

Buildings and other structures containing toxic or explosive substances shall be eligible for classification as Occupancy Category II structures if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Section 1.5.2 that a release of the toxic or explosive substances does not pose a threat to the public. ... 

Once a potential release has been discovered, the information is entered into the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS), a computerized database used to track hazardous substance sites. After being entered into CERCLIS, each site undergoes a preliminary assessment (PA) to determine whether the site poses a potential hazard and whether further action is necessary. If the threat is immediate, a removal action may be conducted. 

Remedial actions are longer-term response actions that ultimately represent the final remedy for a site and generally are more expensive and of a longer duration than removals. This is because the remedial actions are intended to provide permanent solutions to hazardous substance threats. It is possible that both removal and remedial actions may be taken at the same site. In the event that longer-term cleanup is necessary, the site is referred to the remedial program for further investigation and assessment. 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

Soil contamination was not perceived as a problem until the 1970s, when incidents in the U.S. and Europe (Love Canal, NY Times Beach, MO Lekkerkerk, the Netherlands) awakened public awareness about the serious threats posed to human health and the environment by abandoned or improperly managed hazardous wastes. In response to the growing public concern, the U.S., the Netherlands, and a number of other European countries started a systematic effort beginning in 1980 to identify potentially contaminated sites, assess the level of contamination, establish priorities for remediation based on risk assessment studies and gradually implement the required remedial actions. 

Keywords Hazardous chemical substances Chemical Accidents Chemical Terrorism Risk Assessment in Chemical Threats Public Health Education. 

A designer, as part of his facility design analysis, should perform a hazards analysis or risk assessment of the various processes which will be conducted within the facility in order to determine what potential thermal dangers or threats exist to personnel and equipment. A hazards analysis or risk assessment will provide for the identification of potential hazards and of the necessary corrective actions/measures to prevent or control the hazard. Early in the design of a facility, the processes and equipment may be conceptual and at this stage, a preliminary hazards analysis can be performed. It is early in the design that a preliminary hazards analysis can be most helpful because its... 

Traditionally, RA has been focused on threats to humans posed by industrial pollutants. In recent times there has been a shift to other types of hazards and affected objects (Carpenter, 1996). Ecological risk assessment (EcoRA) has already evolved into separate methodology under the general RA framework. 

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