Objectives affecting

Bronze disease necessitates immediate action to halt the process and remove the cause. For a long time, stabilization was sought by removal of the cuprous chloride by immersing the object in a solution of sodium sesquicarbonate. This process was, however, extremely time-consuming, frequentiy unsuccesshil, and often the cause of unpleasant discolorations of the patina. Objects affected by bronze disease are mostiy treated by immersion in, or surface appHcation of, 1 H-henzotriazole [95-14-7] C H N, a corrosion inhibitor for copper. A localized treatment is the excavation of cuprous chloride from the affected area until bare metal is obtained, followed by appHcation of moist, freshly precipitated silver oxide which serves to stabilize the chloride by formation of silver chloride. Subsequent storage in very dry conditions is generally recommended to prevent recurrence. 

As a measuring science, analytical chemistry has to guarantee the quality of its results. Each kind of measurement is objectively affected by uncertainties which can be composed of random scattering and systematic deviations. Therefore, the measured results have to be characterized with regard to their quality, namely both the precision and accuracy and - if relevant - their information content (see Sect. 9.1). Also analytical procedures need characteristics that express their potential power regarding precision, accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, robustness, and detection limit. 

Scenarios. Construct scenarios and storyboards of the projected use of the system, starting from a known initial state. Pay particular attention to cases where the system s dealings with one object affect those with another, and cover interleavings of these in a scenario. Create interaction diagrams for the scenarios, combining scenario narrative with the diagrams the interaction diagrams can depict directed arrows or joint action... 

Errors may be caused by data input error (where this is done by hand), or by an incorrectly analysed sample. In the former case, this is typically a wrong number, or a decimal point missed or wrongly placed. Such errors may usually be found by testing the maximum and minimum values of a variable. If one value is found to be significantly different to the others, it is suspect, and should either be corrected (e.g. by referring back to the original experimental results, where available, or moving a decimal point), or the whole object affected deleted. If the measurements for one sample are consistently found to be suspect, normalisation may solve this problem. If it is suspected that the sample was incorrectly analysed, and cannot easily be reanalysed, it should be deleted from the data set. 

The analysis of interdependencies needs a system description, which means that the main event should be thoroughly described as a scenario, specifying physical location, environmental conditions and constraints, spatial and temporal scales, technical and organizational systems, operating factors, and physical objects affected immediately. The six dimensions of Rinaldi et al. (2001) can be used as input to the description (Table 1). 

Objectives affecting operators and users. These objectives are concerned with improving user acceptance and ease of use reducing physical stress, boredom, monotony, and fatigue improving aesthetic appearance and improving the work environment. 

Objectives affecting reliability and maintainability. These objectives are concerned with improving maintainability, reducing training needs, increasing reliability, and reducing the need for manpower. 

Magnification and numerical aperture (NA) of the objectives affect the resolution. As the resolution is inversely proportional to the numerical aperture of the imaging lens, objectives of high NA (>1) are advantageous. 

The audit s objective affects both the form and the content of audit. It is our contention that audits are suited to determine point-in-time compliance. It is relatively easy to design an audit to determine point-in-time compliance with a regulation or a standard. It is much more difficult to design an audit process that will reliably help evaluate and improve a process. It is unlikely that a standardized audit could accomplish this. What is required is that the auditor has an understanding of the particular process under study. Based on this understanding, the auditor can then design questions to evaluate the process. We have some limited experience with this approach. It lacks the appeal of standardization and is relatively slow and costly. Moreover, it can succeed only in an atmosphere of trust. If the auditor is to ever find out what is really happening, the employees involved have to be confident that the information they reveal will be used to improve the system rather than to evaluate them. 

We should therefore conclude that refining will witness a very important evolution, without revolution, but which will affect both the processes and procedures utilized, the objective being to produce clean products in a clean , energy-efficient manner. 

In order to realise such a high dynamic range, either a local compensation coil at the location of the SQUID [9] or a gradiometric excitation coil like the double-D coil have to be used. In case of the electronic compensation, the excitation field and the response of the conducting sample is compensated by a phase shifted current in an additional coil situated close to the SQUID-sensor. Due to the small size of this compensation coil (in our case, the diameter of the coil is about 1 mm), the test object is not affected by it. 

Figure Bl.18.7. Principle for the realization of interference microscopy. The illuminating beam is split by beamsplitter 1 before passing the object so that the reference beam is not affected by the object. The separated beams interfere behind beamsplitter 2.

Buoyant Effect of Air. Weighing operations performed m vacuo are not affected by buoyancy forces. An object in air, however, is subject to a buoyancy force that is equal and opposite to the gravitational force on the mass of air the object displaces (10). If the equal arm balance of Figure 1 is in balance with a test weight of mass, in one pan, and material of mass, m, in the other, m = m if they have the same density. If the densities are different, then the buoyancy forces acting on each pan affect the result. Taking moments about the center pivot point gives... 

An inordinate amount of damage, however, also results from object handling by staff, not necessarily through carelessness but rather as a result of unawareness of the mechanical weaknesses of the various materials. This is especially tme for ancient objects, where the material properties have been affected by aging processes. Preventive conservation should therefore include a vigorous training and education program for all who handle art objects. 

Clearly, the intended use of a collection item is extremely important to determining the acceptabiHty of a treatment. The degree to which a treatment affects appearance is obviously of the greatest importance for an art object. On the other hand, in natural history collections the collections serve as research resources above all. The effect a preservation or conservation treatment has on these research appHcations is the main consideration. Collections of art, archaeology, history, science, technology, books, archival materials, etc, all have their own values in terms of balance between preservation needs and collections use, and these values are, moreover, constantly subject to reevaluation and change. 

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