Passive measure

Electrochemical cells may be used in either active or passive modes, depending on whether or not a signal, typically a current or voltage, must be actively appHed to the cell in order to evoke an analytically usehil response. Electroanalytical techniques have also been divided into two broad categories, static and dynamic, depending on whether or not current dows in the external circuit (1). In the static case, the system is assumed to be at equilibrium. The term dynamic indicates that the system has been disturbed and is not at equilibrium when the measurement is made. These definitions are often inappropriate because active measurements can be made that hardly disturb the system and passive measurements can be made on systems that are far from equilibrium. The terms static and dynamic also imply some sort of artificial time constraints on the measurement. Active and passive are terms that nonelectrochemists seem to understand more readily than static and dynamic. 

A. M. Bhagwat, and S. D. Soman, Passive Measurement of Radon and Thoron Using TLD of SSNTD on Electrets, Health Physics, 43 399-404... 

Fleischer, R.L., Theory of Passive Measurement of Radon Daughter and Working Levels by the Nuclear Track Technique, Health Physics 47 263-270 (1984). 

The rate at which the potentiostat moves is very important in passivity measurements. The films take time to form and grow. The appropriate sweep rate will be slow, 1 mV s-1. 

Demyanek ML, Lee RJ, Allison KA, et al. 1994. Air, surface, and passive measurements in a building during spray-buffing of vinyl-asbestos floor tile. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 9 869-875. 

The gravity settle plate, which provides passive measurement of microorganisms likely to deposit by sedimentation at critical and controlled sites within a given period, and... 

If one takes into account expenditures linked to the mainstream reduction of social contributions (see below), the overall percentage however has only changed slightly. Yet, its structure was transformed in 2007, total activation expenditure in this sense amounts to around 3.8% of the French GDP, of which 0.8 for active programmes 1.0 for social contributions reductions and 2.0 for so-called passive measures (DARES 2006, 2007 a, b). 

The US Army conducts operations in areas where potential adversaries could use NBC weapons. These weapons range from a megaton nuclear weapon used to destroy an entire city to a barrel of industrial chemicals used to contaminate an important road intersection. In addition to their destructive power, NBC weapons have political, psychological, operational, and strategic impact. The use of passive measures such as proactive NBC defense procedures is a potential tool to reduce the threat of NBC weapons. In the event of the use of NBC weapons, the medical personnel must be prepared to provide a variety of services including medical treatment, site hazard surveys, and medical hazard assessments. 

For building probes, making tank circuits, and as an rf source which acts as a artificial NMR signal without any electrical connections to the circuit, a dip meter is nearly essential. In addition, it is useful in its intended role to passively measure the parallel resonant tank circuit s resonant frequency... 

The safety concept of PHOEBUS is composed of several active and passive measures which are basically directed against hydrogen release inside the building (Fig. 8-16) ... 

Isothermal the measuring system and the surroundings are at the same temperature the thermal resistance, between the measuring system and the surrounding thermostat is supposed to be infinitesimally small.which is not feasible in calorimetry . Consequently, isothermal operation is said to necessitate a compensation of the heat released, either by a phase transition (passive measuring system) or by thermoelectric effects (active measuring system). 

Analyses will be made to mechanistically identify credible leaks from fluid-containing tanks and vessels within structures housing systems or components which must be able to fulfill, with a high level of confidence, their lOCFRlOO-related radionuclide control functions under design basis conditions. Sumps or other passive measures will be used as required to limit fluid levels to those which will allow safe plant shutdown to be achieved and maintained. 

The cascade header enrichment meter (CHEM) is another application that uses HPGe detection to qualitatively confirm the absence of HEU in centrifuge cascade header pipes of enrichment plants (Close et al. 1998). The technique uses an external radiation source ( Co) and a special collimated HRGS with specific software to control, perform, and evaluate X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and passive measurements. The XRF measurement provides the amount of total uranium in the UFg gas. The deposit on the inside surface of a header pipe requires two measurements of the gamma ray at 186 keV with different geometries to determine the amount of in the gas alone. The level of enrichment of uranium in the gas of the header pipe can then be determined independently of the gas pressure. 

Operation prior to the unrestricted phase must be prepared and performed such as back filling drifts, remodelling topography, dismantling useless buildings. However, the post institutional phase could be accompanied by some passive measures like keeping record of relevant information like the position of the repository. 

Until now, water and body fluid (serum, urine) represent the most common test matrices. Soil analysis has already begun to profit tremendously from immunoas.says. Very few applications exist in air monitoring, even though active and passive measuring procedures could profit increasingly from immunological techniques for the monitoring of diffuse sources. 

Passive measures relate to the ability of a building to withstand the effects of fire and also to prevent the spread of fire. These measures are usually part of the structure of the building and can result from a requirement of the Building Regulations or as a result of a fire risk assessment. 

Infrared thermal sensing and imaging instruments make it possible to measme and map surface temperature and thermal distribution passively and nonintrusively. In addition to the passive measurement of temperature distribution, thermographers have learned to use active or thermal injection techniques to study and evaluate the structural integrity of materials and fabricated bonds. 

---