Third parties

The most common contaminants in produced gas are carbon dioxide (COj) and hydrogen sulphide (HjS). Both can combine with free water to cause corrosion and H2S is extremely toxic even in very small amounts (less than 0.01% volume can be fatal if inhaled). Because of the equipment required, extraction is performed onshore whenever possible, and providing gas is dehydrated, most pipeline corrosion problems can be avoided. However, if third party pipelines are used it may be necessary to perform some extraction on site prior to evacuation to meet pipeline owner specifications. Extraction of CO2 and H2S is normally performed by absorption in contact towers like those used for dehydration, though other solvents are used instead of glycol. 

Metering oi the production for fiscal (taxation), tariffing and re-allocation purposes may take place as the product leaves the production platform, or as it arrives at the delivery point such as the crude oil terminal. If the export pipeline Is used by other fields (including third party users) it would be common to meter the production as it leaves the platform. 

In case of mixed systems the procedure must be varied and it would be restricted to the special film systems of interest, of course. Mixed systems would be used by inspection companies and industrial users who normally do not dispose of the equipment for measurements as mentioned above. In these cases instead of a round robin test only periodical measurements of the properties of these mixed film systems by an independent third party institution can be used for film classification and continuous surveillance. 

The detection sensitivity of radiography is related among others to the properties and quality of industrial x-ray film systems. Changes of the products, variations due to different emulsions and combinations of products of different manufacturers can influence the decisive properties of film systems as classified in EN 584-1.To ensure the quality of industrial x-ray film systems a system for quality assurance open to all interested parties is proposed which is based on periodical round robin tests and quality controls of the manufacturer or an independent third party institution. 

That Global Approach requires that the proeedures to prove compliance of a product with the essential requirements in New Approach directives should be chosen from amongst nine procedures referred to as modules. These modules range from a procedure which does not involve the intervention of a third party, the manufacturer s own production control, to procedures with full intervention of that party at both levels, at the design and at the manufacturing stage. 

That set of modules includes alongside the traditional procedures related to product control, quality assurance procedures for conformity assessment. The intervention of a third party in these procedures comprises an initial audit of the manufacturer s quality system which must include both the specific technological aspects of the products concerned and the methodology of the quality assurance procedures. Furthermore the manufacturers are subject to periodic audits to ensure that the systems are maintained. Finally, on the occasion of unexpected visits, the notified body can carry out tests on the products. 

As referred to above, most of the modules involve the intervention of a third party, the so-called notified bodies. These bodies are designated by Member States as being competent to carry out the certification tasks for which they are notified. As a precondition for their notification they must fulfil the minimum criteria which are set out in the relevant directives. These conditions vary from independence, impartiality and professional integrity, to technical competence, possession of or access to necessary facilities and to liability insurance. Once notified, the Commission publishes a list of all notified bodies in the Official Journal, It is worth noting that there is free competition between notified bodies and that manufacturers can make their own choice from all notified bodies notified within the European Union. 

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

The affixing of any other marking liable to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE-marking must be prohibited ... 

The principles referred to so far are common to all New Approach directives. The individual directives obviously need to be specific on topics such as the scope, the essential requirements, the classification of the products and on the use of modules for conformity assessment. The pressure equipment directive includes some additional sector specific dispositions which relate to recognised third party organisations , the European approval for materials , a committee for pressure equipment and the user inspectorates . 

Recognised third party orpani.sations tarticle 121... 

Two features in relation to the essential requirements merit further explanation, the so-called recognised third party organisations and the European approvals for materials. 

The recognised third party organisations can be notified by the Member States to the Commission and the other Member States for the earrying out of approvals related to the qualification of personnel and procedures for permanent joining and for the qualification of personnel for non-destructive testing. 

It should be remembered that these qualifications are required in the essential requirements. Their approval by a third party is obligatory for equipment classified in the categories II to IV... 

As a precondition for notification of the recognised third party organisations the Member States shall apply the same criteria as for notified bodies and the Commission shall, as in the case of notified bodies, publish the references of theses organisations in the Official Journal of the European Communities. 

Where conformity assessment involves intervention of third party, that task is normally carried out by the notified body. The pressure equipment directive enables in addition the national authorities to authorise in their territory user inspectorates for the carrying out of conformity assessment procedures which relate to product verification. These inspectorates shall act exclusively on behalf of the group of which they are part. The placing on the market and putting into service of equipment which has undergone such assessment is however limited to the territory of the authorising Member State and to those Member States which have also proceeded to such authorisation. The equipment concerned shall therefore not bear the CE-marking. 

The in ternal arch itecture of HyperChem back ends is different from that expected to be used by third-party packages. To a third-party agent wishing to interface with HyperChem, HyperChem always acts as a server. Thus a third-party molecular dynamics package w oiild ask HyperChem to send th e coordinates of a mide-cu le rath cr th an HvperCIhem determ in in g on its own that it should send coordinates at the appropriate time. 

The program comes with its own job queue system. Jobs are submitted to this queue via a script, which can be edited to utilize third-party batch-queuing systems instead. 

Molden now has the capacity to export a series of GIF files, creating an additional file with each screen update. Third-party utilities can be used to combine these images in animations with various file formats, including fii and animated GIF files. This is one of the easiest ways to create animations of chemical systems. 

Babel (we tested Version 1.6) is a utility for converting computational chemistry input hies from one format to another. It is able to interconvert about 50 different hie formats, including conversions between SMILES, Cartesian coordinate, and Z-matrix input. The algorithm that generates a Z-matrix from Cartesian coordinates is fairly simplistic, so the Z-matrix will correctly represent the geometry, but will not include symmetry, dummy atoms, and the like. Babel can be run with command line options or in a menu-driven mode. There have been some third-party graphic interfaces created for Babel. 

High temperature fatigue and fretting fatigue behavior has also been improved by implantation (113,114). This has been achieved by using species that inhibit oxidation or harden the surface. It is generally accepted that fretting behavior is closely coimected to oxidation resistance, perhaps due to third party effects of oxidation products. Oxidation resistance alone has also been improved by ion implantation (118—120). 

Audits by INPO and the U.S. NRC aie a culmination of a high degree of self-auditing by the plant operators and the utihties themselves, often assisted by special third-party safety review boards set up to help carry out safety assessments (21). Self-auditing and self-criticism are essential to the process. These reflect the fundamental reactor safety principle that the owner-operator of the plant has the ultimate responsibiUty for plant safety. 

Demonstrations of the invention to customers or other third parties. 

Other known embodiments of the invention should also be disclosed to the extent practical. These embodiments can prevent future patenting by third parties if they are pubHshed in the appHcant s issued patent. 

A request for reexamination may be made by the patentee, a third party, or the Commissioner of the Patent and Trademark Office whenever a new question of patentabiUty arises. This new question of patentabiUty has to be raised in the form of a pubHcation such as a journal article or a patent which was not considered during the prior prosecution. Reexarnination is a more expedited and economical means of receiving a judgment on whether or not a patent is vaUd in advance of Htigation. 

Trade secrets may be any type of information, eg, formulae, patterns, compilations, forms, programs, devices, techniques, and processes, as weH as any patentable subject matter. However, in order for it to be a trade secret, there must be definite economic value in the information not being known to the pubHc or readily determinable by a third party. 

Trade secret rights are generally violated through an unauthorized use by someone other than the owner. This use may take the form of theft or misappropriation for later use in a commercial product. The unauthorized use can also take the form of an unauthorized disclosure to a third party who is not bound to keep the information confidential. 

Conformance to one of the first three ISO standards is verified by third-party audit for which the auditee pays the auditor a fee. Continued conformance is assured through periodic reaudit by the third party. The ISO 9000 standard is not a product quahty standard. Conformance to ISO 9001 or 9002 ensures that the customer receives product in conformance to mutually agreed-upon specifications. Other agreed-upon requirements are also met. 

---