Modulation range

That Global Approach requires that the proeedures to prove compliance of a product with the essential requirements in New Approach directives should be chosen from amongst nine procedures referred to as modules. These modules range from a procedure which does not involve the intervention of a third party, the manufacturer s own production control, to procedures with full intervention of that party at both levels, at the design and at the manufacturing stage. 

Tubular modules are also used for specialty, high-solids applications typically found in the food and biological processing industries. Tubular modules range from Vi- to 1-inch (1.3 - 2.6 cm) in diameter with the membrane feed side on the inside of the tube. Packing densities run about 6 -120 fP/ft3.22... 

The pharmaceutical industry lead the way in adoption of CEDI for the production of ultrapure water. Since the early 1990 s, the power industry has been employing CEDI as a polisher for RO effluent for steam generation. Other industries currently using CEDI include general industry for boiler make-up or high-purity process applications, including semiconductor manufacture. Commercially-available industrial CEDI modules range in size from less than 1 gpm to 80 gpm. 

The small size of hollow fiber allows high surface area to volume ratios in hollow fiber modules ranging from 500 to 10,000 m /m in comparison with 500 and 1000 m /m for plate and frame and spiral wound modules, respectively. The majority of hollow fiber modules are assembled as shell and tube heat exchanger (Fig. 4). Flow can occur in the exterior (shell side) or the interior (lumen) of the fibers in a counter-current or cocurrent manner. Shell-side flow can be introduced or collected using side ports in the external casing (Fig. 4A) or a central tube in the middle of the module to create radial flow across the fiber bundle... 

Differences between both polymers are especially distinct in a high-module range. While the tested PLA provenance is proved to be relatively well spinnable, the spinning behavior of PHB is clearly worse. 

Figure 3.47. Typical Fourier transform electrochemically modulated IR spectroscopy (FTEMIRS) ATR spectrum of n-Si in acetonitrile-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate. Baseline can be analyzed as sum of free-electron and surface state contribution. These two contributions appear in different proportions when potential modulation range is changed, giving direct information on splitting of modulated charge between space charge and surface states. Adapted, by permission, from A. Venkateswara Rao, J.-N. Chazalviel, and F. Ozanam, J. Appl. Phys. 60, 686 (1986), p. 699, Fig. 3. Copyright 1986 American Physical Society.

Figure 3.49. Differentiating between Faradaic and DL species by using phase effects in FTEMIRS. Spectra were measured by ATR for n-Ge/(1 M H2SO4 + 10 M cr-H4SiWi204o) interface. Modulation frequency was 125 Hz, while modulation range was from -0.15 to -0.35 V (SCE). (a) Spectrum for phase setting of 40°. (b) Two-dimensional phase map, showing isolevel lines of spectrum as function of wavenumber and phase settings (levels are chosen as 3 X 10 X 2", n = 0,1,2,...). Reprinted, by permission, from J. N. Chazalviel, B. H. Erne, F. Maroun, and F. Ozanam, J, Electroanal. Cham. 502,180-190(2001), p. 187, Fig. /.Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

AFCo has developed its own technology, adopting an external reforming solution thermally integrated in the plant for modules ranging from 100 to 500 kW. 

Because of the trabecular structure of bones, they can withstand stress through pressure or tensile force. The strength of bone substance lies between 110 to 170 N/mm and the elasticity module ranges from 19,000... 

The Petri-Net degradation model developed in this work is a comprehensive model of the interactions between the previously identified failure modes in a PEMFC of standard construction. The standard construction is such that there is a PTFE based membrane, Carbon/Pt catalyst, steel BIP and carbon GDL. The individual degradation modules range from relatively simple relationships with 2 3 places and a low number of transitions, to larger modules with 8 places and 8 transitions. It contains 21 separate modules that interact to both dehver a voltage degradation value, and further interact with other failure modes. 

The estimated cost for the fabrication of hollow-fiber membranes modules ranged from 2 to 10 USD m while it is comprised between 10 and 100 USD m for spiral-wound membrane modules. The selling price of the modules is generally between two and three times higher than the production cost of the membrane itself To be more precise, the selling price of a hollow fiber module was given at 108 USD m in 2002 while it was equal to 160 USD m for a spiral-wound module in 1993. ... 

A major goal and challenge for modem NG burners for domestic boEer applications is a wide power modulation range, which can satisfy the derrtartds of... 

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