Accountable third party

A signature-like scheme vrith accountable centres (a special case of accountable third parties) has the usual three roles and an arbitrary number of others, which are collectively called centres. (For the same reasons as in Section 5.1.2, Granularity of Entities , combinations like centre and court and centre and recipient are not considered separately.) The three common transactions are adapted as follows. 

Notice that this is an invariant of the company Sales system design. There is nothing that constrains a Contacts database in general to have cross-references to Accounts databases after all, it s a third-party component. Therefore ... 

Quality still remains the No. 1 criteria for any outsourcing activity. Imports from third-party suppliers account for greater than 80% of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredient) in the United States and 40% of medicinal products, yet the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) continues to conduct far fewer foreign compared to domestic inspections (Mullin, 2011). Contaminated heparin was judged as the cause of 81 deaths in the United States in 2008. FDA traced the contaminated API to a Chinese supplier (Changzhou SPL Co.). 

Third-party accountability Changing laws and public perceptions Cradle-to-grave stewardship responsibilities... 

Chemical reactions enhanced by catalysts or enzymes are an integral part of the manufacturing processes for the majority of chemical products. The total market for catalysts and enzymes amounts to 11.5 billion (2005), of which catalysts account for about 80%. It consists of four main applications environment (e.g., automotive catalysts), 31% polymers (e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene), 24% petroleum processing (e.g., cracking and reforming), 23% and chemicals, 22%. Within the latter, particularly the catalysts and enzymes for chiral synthesis are noteworthy. Within catalysts, BINAPs [i.e., derivatives of 2,2 -bis(diphenylphosphino) -1, l -bis-l,l -binaphthyl) have made a great foray into chiral synthesis. Within enzymes, apart from bread-and-butter products, like lipases, nitrilases, acylases, lactamases, and esterases, there are products tailored for specific processes. These specialty enzymes improve the volumetric productivity 100-fold and more. Fine-chemical companies, which have an important captive use of enzymes, are offering them to third parties. Two examples are described here ... 

In order to sell more effectively to prospects, it is often advantageous to use existing customers with well-managed cooling systems as third-party references. But a poorly managed account is a potential sales liability. 

Large accounts that may encompass entire manufacturing sites or multisite, nationwide businesses are particularly difficult to win. And, even if there are valid reasons to change, the process may take many months, or even years. A further problem is that often the ultimate decision on vendor selection takes place behind closed doors, without the vendor actually being present. Thus sellers have to rely on their primary buyers to conduct the sale on the seller s behalf (third-party selling). If the proposal is not clear and concise, with appropriate cost and benefit summaries, or if the primary buyer has not been properly sold to and does not fully comprehend the key details of the proposal, it is unlikely that the sale will proceed. 

The Directive establishes a number of rules intended to promote competition and market integration. The most important provision is the so-called third party access to the pipeline system. This means that the pipeline owner has an obligation to contract in respect to a third party wishing to transport gas. The consequence of this is that the pipeline owner cannot by the power of ownership decide who shall be permitted to use the transport facilities. Third party access makes possible increased competition among gas sellers and opens up the market for transport services. Another important aspect of the Directive is the requirement for unbundling of accounts between the various gas-related operations in integrated undertakings. 

Most important to this discussion on hospital revenue is the fact that the true economic cost of a medical service seldom is reflected by its charge. Because hospital accounting in the United States has been designed for the purposes of maximizing third-party payment and thus hospital reimbursement, the charge for a service may be very different from the true costs of the resources that are actually consumed in providing it. Hospital overhead and other shared expenses usually are allocated systematically and are not necessarily allocated according to the way the overhead is actually used. 

The dissolution-condensation-model (Figure 7.91) adequately explains the crack growth rate and its dependence on stress, temperature and interfacial energy for short cracks. This model does not account for high crack growth rates and hence a third-party process involving the plastic zone has been involved. 

The previously detailed information, including the posting reference (PR) from the general journal and all other journals, is posted to the general ledger. The general ledger is outlined in the next section. A sales journal is used to record all sales of merchandise on account only and is viable for firms that survive on credit sales such as third-party prescriptions. The entries to this journal become accounts receivable. The sales journal records the sales, date, merchandise, and amount due. 

GxP regulations require that access to the software and relevant associated documentation should be preserved for a number of years after the system or software has been retired (see Chapter 4 and Chapter 11 for more details). Software licenses do not entitle pharmaceutical and healthcare companies to ownership of the software products they have purchased. All that has been purchased is a license, an official permission or legal right to use it for some period of time under defined conditions of use. Accordingly, some companies have established escrow (third party) accounts with suppliers to retain their access to software, but this is not mandatory. Access agreements directly... 

When this project organization has been set up, chemical companies have to ensure that a consistent corporate IT platform is developed which can then be leveraged. This is particularly critical for e-businesses close to the core business, in order to capitalize on the synergies between existing business units. Here, the corporate IT department should serve as an internal e-commerce application service provider, although the development and hosting of the e-commerce solutions may be partly outsourced to a third party provider. Examples of such corporate IT platforms are solutions such as MyAccount Dow, My Account solution at BASF, etc. E-com-merce businesses that are not related to the core business of the chemical company can be set up as an independent company with no constraints on the IT side. 

Before the emergence of managed care, it was largely physicians, acting individually on behalf of their patients, who decided how most health care dollars were spent. They billed for their services, and third-party insurers usually reimbursed them without asking any questions, because the ultimate payers—employers—demanded no greater accounting. Now, many... 

In 1960,49% of health care revenues came from out-of-pocket payments from individuals. Out-of-pocket spending is defined as expenditures for coinsurance and deductibles required by insurers, as well as direct payments for services, which are covered by a third party. In 1990, individual consumers spent 144.4 billion ectly for out-of-pocket payments for personal health ser-vices.f This accounted for 38% of all personal health spending. In 1998, consumers spent 183.7billion in out-of-pocket payments, which accounts for 33% of the 558.7 billion in personal health spending. ... 

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