The Russian Federation

The Russian Federation has multiple R D programmes on design and technology development for innovative SMRs with conventional refuelling schemes. A short summary given below covers the R D programmes for SMRs addressed in this report, see Section 1.3. The information on several other developments can be found in IAEA-TECDOC-1451 [7]. 

A preliminary (basic) design of the VBER-300 has been completed in 2002. At present, the design is undergoing an expertise in the Rosatom of the Russian Federation. The phase that included the optimization of separate design features and schemes is near completion, and the development of the detailed design is underway. A land based nuclear cogeneration plant with the VBER-300 could be deployed in 2013, and a floating NPP with two VBER-300 reactors could be deployed in 2012. 

The VK-300 is a 250 MW(e) simplified boiling water reactor with natural circulation of the coolant and many passive systems, see Annex Vm. Several options for the core arrangement 

The RUTA-70 is a single-purpose nuclear heat plant of 70 MW(th) for district heating, see Annex XII. The design is based on natural convection of the primary coolant sand is characterized by the absence of excess pressure in the primary circuit, which is a reactor pool. Nuclear heat plants with such reactors are characterized by inherent safety features and could be located in the immediate proximity of the heat users. The RUTA-70 project is performed by Russian research and design organizations, including the RDIPE as a leader, the IPPE, the VNIPIET, the MI KRC RAS, and the Atomenergoproekt (AEP). 

The GT-MHR couples a modular high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) with a Brayton power conversion cycle to produce electricity at high efficiency, with a potential for high temperature process heat applications, see Annex XX. 

There are 11 concepts of small reactors without on-site refuelling that are currently being developed at different stages in the Russian Federation. Six of them are light water cooled reactors the UNITHERM (ANNEX II), the ELENA (ANNEX III), the VBER-150 (ANNEX IV), the ABV (ANNEX V), the KLT-20 (ANNEX VI), and the VKR-MT (ANNEX X). In addition, there is one small gas cooled fast reactor concept which is the BGR-300 (ANNEX Xm) two sodium cooled reactor concepts the MBRU-12 (ANNEX XVI), and the BN GT-300 (ANNEX XVItl) and one lead-bismuth cooled small reactor design, the SVBR-75/100 (ANNEX XIX). Finally, there is one non-conventional reactor concept the MARS (ANNEX XXVIII). 

The activities for small reactors in the Russian Federation are being carried out by several leading design organizations and national research institutions, in cooperation with other organizations. In several cases, the partnerships involve the organizations and institutions with the experience of design, construction, and operation of the marine reactors, e.g., the reactors of nuclear icebreakers or submarines. 

As the VBER-150 is a two-loop modification of the VBER-300, the results of the latter project are being used in the design of the former. The Rosatom supports the VBER-300 design development within the framework of a national programmel The project of a floating NPP with the VBER-150 is at a conceptual design stage. 

The ABV (ANNEX V) is a nuclear steam-generating plant with a small reactor of 11 MW(e) and a refuelling interval of about 8 years. The reactor is of pressurized water type and 

The KLT-20 is being designed by the OKBM and RRC KI and financed by the organizations involved in the project. A pilot floating heat and power plant with the KLT-40S reactors has been started in construction in Russia in June 2006, with its deployment scheduled for 2010. Development of a floating NPP with the KLT-20 is at a conceptual design stage. 

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This research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 04-03-32840), Grant of President of the Russian Federation Scientific School No. 1763.2003.03. 

This study was supported by the grant of the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science P339. 

He is a recognized expert in solid state and materials chemistry and environmental chemistry. He has active programs in solid state f-element chemistry and nanomaterials science. His current research interests include heavy metal detection and remediation in aqueous environments, ferroelectric nanomaterials, actinide and rare-earth metal sohd slate chemistry, and nuclear non-proliferation. He currently maintains a collaboration in nuclear materials with Los Alamos National Laboratory and a collaboration in peaceful materials science development with the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, U.S. State Department projects. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reviews, while presenting over 130 international and national invited lectures on his area of chemistry. Dr. Dorhout currently serves as Vice Provost for Graduate Studies and Assistant Vice President for research. He has also served as the Interim Executive Director for the Office of International Programs and as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education for the College of Natural Sciences at Colorado State University. 

The consumption of cocoa in the major consuming countries for the last 25 years is summarized in Table 12. From this data, it can be seen that the U.S. has been the leading consumer for many years. In 1995-1996, the largest consumption (in thousands of metric tons) occurred in the U.S. (560), followed by Germany (245), the Russian Federation (187), and the U.K. (184). 

Monitoring pestitsidov v obyektakh prirodnoy sredy Rossiyskoy Federatsii Yezhegodnik. Kn. 1/2 (Monitoring Pesticides in the Environment of the Russian Federation Yearbook. Book 1/2). Obninsk NPO Taifun, 1992. 425 pp. 

Microbial (non-medical) Culture Collections of the Russian Federation. 

As expected, the destruction is proceeding asymmetrically, meeting domestic financial and technological problems with construction of destruction facilities including problems of acceptance by population in the respective regions. It is therefore expected, that the scheduled 10 years term for total CW destruction according to the CWC will not be managed and the allowed exception to extend the destruction period for another 5 years has been already asked for, by the Russian Federation and also by the US. 

Each country is not only a receptor but also a source of the trans-boundary transport. As much as 153 t (60% of anthropogenic emission in Europe) of cadmium, emitted in Europe, leaves the territory of the counties and is involved in the long-range transport. The highest absolute value—30 t/yr—of cadmium transported across national borders was obtained for Poland. The significant exporters of cadmium are Spain, the Russian Federation, Romania and Italy. Nearly 40 t of cadmium is transported outside the European Union. Besides, only nine countries control more than 75% of cadmium trans-boundary transport. 

Bashkin, V. N., Kozlov, M. Ya.., Abramychev, A. Yu. (1996a). The application of EM GIS to quantitative assessment and mapping of acidification loading in ecosystems of the Asian part of the Russian Federation. Asian-Pacific Remote Sensing and GIS Journal, 8(2), 73-80. 

Kochneva, L. V., Krasil nikova, T. A., Letnikov, B. S. (2002). Environmental pollution and radiation situation in the Russian Federation in October 2001. Meteorology and Hydrology, 1, 107-111. 

Three countries, namely the USA (104 plants), France (59 plants) and Japan, account for approximately 58% of the worldwide generation capacity, followed by Germany and the Russian Federation. These three countries also dominated the historical development of nuclear power expansion (see Fig. 4.1). The three countries with the highest nuclear energy share in their electricity mix today are France, with around 75%, followed by Lithuania, with 70%, and Slovakia, with 55%. While nuclear power contributes some 20% to power generation in the United States, the share in the EU25 is around 36%. 

There are other classification systems in use, such as in Canada, Germany (BGR), Australia, United States (DOE) and the Russian Federation there is further the United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC) (EWG, 2006 NEA/ IAEA, 2006a). 

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND CCMS NATO WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK... 

Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the Russian Foimdation of Basic Research and the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation. E.V.B. thanks personally K.A. Beirit for financial support. 

The volume of 3,4-MDP-2-P seizures for 2003 was the lowest reported since 1998 other than the Netherlands, only Estonia reported seizures of the substance during 2003. The latter case is particularly noteworthy as the seizure of 3,4-MDP-2-P was made at an MDMA (Ecstasy) laboratory and, in addition to the precursor, 26,000 MDMA tablets and 60 litres of liquid MDMA were also seized. More importantly, the authorities of Estonia, in cooperation with their counterparts from the Russian Federation, launched backtracking investigations to identify the source of the seized 3,4-MDP-2-P. That investigation led to the identification and dismantling of a laboratory illicitly manufacturing 3,4-MDP-2-P in the Russian Federation... 

From the information provided by the Russian authorities, the case involved 3,4-MDP-2-P that was being manufactured from safrole in the form of sassafras oil that had been smuggled into the Russian Federation from Viet Nam via China. Unfortunately, all markings had been removed from the actual containers and no supporting documentation was found, so further backtracking investigations were not undertaken. 

The competent authorities of the Russian Federation have also reported seizing over 12 kg of ergotamine. While more information is not currently available on the seizure, the Board has requested the authorities concerned to launch investigations to determine if any links can be established between the three cases. 

As evidenced by the tremendous power of nuclear bombs, nuclear reactions involve quite a lot of energy. In the laboratory, researchers fabricate nuclides with the aid of special, high-energy equipment such as reactors in which nuclear reactions can take place, or particle accelerators in which particles such as protons are accelerated to high speed and crash into one another, or some other target. For example, in 2006, researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in the Russian Federation and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California synthesized isotopes of element 118 for the first time. To make the new isotope, researchers smashed calcium atoms into a target made of californium (which has an atomic number of 98). These new isotopes decayed quickly. (Element 118 and other recently discovered elements have not yet been named.)... 

At present trauma is one of the three main causes of mortality along with cardiovascular and oncological diseases in the population of the Russian Federation. Amongst different variants of combined injuries, vascular-osseous injuries occupy a considerable place and are followed up by a high frequency of post operative complications (39 6%), amputations (up to 25%) and lethality (12-21%) [1-5]. 

Information available in 1999 indicated that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was produced by 30 companies in China, 15 companies in India, 12 companies in Japan, eight companies in Mexico, seven companies in Taiwan, five companies each in Germany and the Russian Federation, four companies each in Argentina, Brazil, the Philippines and the United States, three companies each in Canada, Chile, Spain, Thailand, Turkey and Venezuela, two companies each in Belgium, Colombia, Ecuador, France, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Korea (Republic of), Malaysia and Poland, and one company each in Albania, the Czech Republic, Finland, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and Viet Nam (Chemical Information Services, 1999). 

Information available in 1999 indicated that ethylbenzene was manufactured by nine companies in the United States, eight in Japan, seven in China, four in the Republic of Korea, two each in Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom and one each in Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Iran, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Taiwan and the Ukraine (Chemical Information Services, 1999). 

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