Heavy-metal detection

He is a recognized expert in solid state and materials chemistry and environmental chemistry. He has active programs in solid state f-element chemistry and nanomaterials science. His current research interests include heavy metal detection and remediation in aqueous environments, ferroelectric nanomaterials, actinide and rare-earth metal sohd slate chemistry, and nuclear non-proliferation. He currently maintains a collaboration in nuclear materials with Los Alamos National Laboratory and a collaboration in peaceful materials science development with the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, U.S. State Department projects. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reviews, while presenting over 130 international and national invited lectures on his area of chemistry. Dr. Dorhout currently serves as Vice Provost for Graduate Studies and Assistant Vice President for research. He has also served as the Interim Executive Director for the Office of International Programs and as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education for the College of Natural Sciences at Colorado State University. 

D. Compagnone, A.S. Lupu, A. Ciucu, V. Magearu, C. Cremisini and G. Palleschi, Fast amperometric FIA procedure for heavy metal detection using enzyme inhibition, Anal. Lett., 34 (2001) 17-27. 

This new technique which shows several advantages has been introduced for heavy metal detection over the recent years. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry allows the simultaneous determination of almost all elements in all fields of elementary analysis. This technique is not very widespread in the laboratories due to the high cost and the complicated operation. 

For chemical monitoring, a list of priority substances has been established that includes metals such as cadmium, lead, and nickel. As far as metals are concerned, voltammetric techniques and more precisely electrochemical stripping analysis has long been recognized as a powerful technique in environmental samples. In particular, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) coupled with screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is a great simplification in the design and operation of on site heavy metal determination in water, for reasons of cost, simplicity, speed, sensitivity, portability and simultaneous multi-analyte capabilities. The wide applications in the field for heavy metal detection were extensively reviewed (Honeychurch and Hart, 2003 Palchetti et al., 2005). 

Another electrochemical sensor for heavy metal detection in liquids has been fabricated by Miu et A three-electrode cell on silicon and voltammetric techniques for... 

Min, M., Angelescn, A., Kleps, 1. and Simion, M. (2005) Electrochemical sensors for heavy metals detection in liqnid media. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 85 (9-11), 675-679. 

Heavy metals detected in tailings include Ti, Zr, Fe, V, Mg, Mn, Al, Pb, Zn, Nb, and Mo (33-35). The most important are Ti and Zr, as these have commercial value and are present in quantities that might warrant their recovery from the tailings (34, 36). 

Figure 11.13 Quantity of heavy metals detected internally and externally in honey bees in relation to three different environments.

Qualitative spectral analysis of the evaporation residue in order to confirm the presence of toxic heavy metals in relevant concentrations. If appropriate, the heavy metals detected must be determined quantitatively in the seepage water extracts. 

Biosensors, known to monitor various analytes both selectively and sensitively, have also been reported for heavy metal detection. Several electrode configurations using whole cells, enzymes or apoenzymes have been designed 4-6). The main advantage of such biosensors is that samples often require little pretreatment and the bioavailable concentration of the toxic heavy metal is measured, rather than the total concentration. However, a limited selectivity and quite low sensitivity characterize these sensors described in the literature. 

The contamination of the aquatic system with heavy metals has been on the increase since the last century due to industrial activities (Ah and Mai, 2007). Heavy metals are taken up as cations. Among the heavy metals detected in WSF are Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and V (Edema, 2006). This is in agreement with the statement of Kauss and Hutchinson (1975) that the WSF of crude oil contains metallic ions among other soluble contaminants. Botkin and keller (1998) stated that Pb, Cr and V are among metals that pose hazard to living organisms. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable and are toxic imder certain condition (Rana, 2005). 

Historically, electrochemical stripping analysis, commonly using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), has been widely recognized as a powerful technique for heavy-metal detection because of the simplicity of the instrument as well as its moderate cost and portability. Moreover, the ASV technique combined with SPEs can handle all scenarios that require rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and accurate determination in the field of environmental monitoring. Most studies of heavy-metal determination using SPEs show that mercury, gold, silver, bismuth, or other materials that modify the surface of SPEs can improve selectivity or sensitivity. ... 

Monarca et al. (2002) observed by the Ames test and MN test in Tradescantia that soil samples of an area highly industrialized in Italy presented mutagenic activity that, according to the authors, can be related with high concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals detected in the chemical analyses of these samples. 

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