National borders and

Most of the difficulties occur when reference materials cross national borders and, as a result of specific national or international regulations, are in some way impeded. Generally the impediments include questions involving tariff numbers and customs duty coupled with environmental and health and shipping regulations. Many times, these questions arise because reference materials are shipped in small quantities and not used directly in commerce. 

It is concluded that once these types of traceability chains are produced so as to link flow measurement laboratories within and across national borders and boundaries, satisfactory fluid measurements can be achieved at specified levels. In this manner, the increasingly critical and costly measurements of gas resources and products can occur satisfactorily in custody transfers and in industrial processes. 

To identify the hot spots of environmental and social impacts within the supply chain implicitly requires extensive knowledge about the chain, a chain that in most cases extends across many national borders and involves a multitude of actors and connections between those actors. One of the common characteristics of a modem apparel supply chain is the lack transparency between each stage these supply chains are opaque systems where the ability to trace materials from one end of the chain to the other is complex and difficult to achieve. 

Regulating safety is a national responsibihty. However, radiation risks may transcend national borders, and international cooperation serves to promote and enhance safety globally by exchanging experience and by improving capabilities to control hazards, to prevent accidents, to respond to emergencies and to mitigate any harmful consequences. 

Simply producing reference materials is not enough they have to be used properly. Chapter 7 reviewed the proper use of RMs, but unless RMs and CRMs can be easily obtained and moved from one country to another without delays, duty or unnecessary controls, their use will be inhibited. Likewise, information about the materials that are available, their use, and their application should be freely available if analysts are to make informed decisions about the selection and use of a RM or CRM. It has already been made clear in previous Chapters that the correct choice of reference material for a particular application requires not only information about the RM, which is relatively easily available, but also information about the uses and applications of the reference material. Unfortunately, neither the availability of information about the reference materials and their uses nor their free movement across national borders are at all satisfactory. 

None of the solutions mentioned in the above lines will be forthcoming from any invisible hand , nor can it be decided by one state as a corrective measure against market failures, because national authorities lack the capacity to impose regulations beyond their national borders. The way forward should be along the lines of an international agreement between countries, promoted and guaranteed by international bodies such as the WHO and the World Trade Organization (WTO). 

A significant amount of lead emitted in a country is transported beyond the national borders contributing to the trans-boundary transport. In 2002 as much as 4.8 kt (around 60% of total anthropogenic emission) of atmospheric lead, emitted in Europe were involved in transport across state borders. Absolute magnitudes of lead transported outside countries vary substantially from country to country. It was calculated as difference between national emission and deposition to the country. This magnitude depends on national emission, size of the territory, climatic conditions and spatial distribution of emission sources within the country. 

Each country is not only a receptor but also a source of the trans-boundary transport. As much as 153 t (60% of anthropogenic emission in Europe) of cadmium, emitted in Europe, leaves the territory of the counties and is involved in the long-range transport. The highest absolute value—30 t/yr—of cadmium transported across national borders was obtained for Poland. The significant exporters of cadmium are Spain, the Russian Federation, Romania and Italy. Nearly 40 t of cadmium is transported outside the European Union. Besides, only nine countries control more than 75% of cadmium trans-boundary transport. 

Many believe in a simple solution increase exploration and drilling in other areas. There may be as much as 270 billion barrels of oil in the Caspian Sea region, a part of the former Soviet Union. To use this oil we would have to deal with countries in an unstable area. The U.S. would also compete against other nations of the world, all of which are thirsty for oil which is also essential for the production of food and the manufacture of many products. Beyond these problems is a rapidly growing world population and an area with contested borders and conflicting political and religious ideologies. 

In the early years of the 21st century, we have witnessed the spread of diseases quickly from one country to another, whether via human beings in the case of SARS, or through migrating livestock as evidenced by the proliferation of avian influenza across national borders in addition to the cases of Ebola outbreak in Africa. These situations necessitated prompt and skillful control at early stages by more than one or a few countries alone, and in concerted effort to contain the spread. 

Globalization forces a corporation to look beyond its own national border for finance, technology, raw materials, manufacturing, labor, and marketing. China and India used to have socialist isolationist economies that forbade or discouraged foreign... 

Acid deposition or, acid rain, occurs when SO2 and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) react with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form acidic compounds. It is deposited in dry form (gas, particles) or wet form (rain, snow, fog), and can be carried by wind hundreds of miles across state and national borders. Acid rain harms lakes and streams, damages trees, crops, historic buildings, and monuments. 

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