Lead, bismuth, tin

Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Indium Antimony Uses ... 

He lit a little Bunsen burner and melted some Wood s metal over it while the detective and the residents watched. (Wood s metal is an alloy of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium that has a low melting point of 71°C.) Then he selected a wound in the victim s chest above the location of the liver and poured the liquid metal into it. The metal slid down through the wound into the punctured liver. When it was cool he removed an exact mold of the tip of the murder weapon. He added the length of this tip to the distance between the liver and the skin surface of the chest. Then he said to the homicide detective, It s a knife five and a half inches long, one inch wide and one sixteenth of an inch thick. ... 

Quartz tube atomizer Some elements like antimony, arsenic, bismuth, lead, tin, can be vaporized as molecules (e.g., hydrides) by chemical reaction at room temperature. For this purpose a reductant solution (NaBH4, SnCli) is added to the sample solution and the obtained gaseous hydrides are transported to the quartz tube atomizer (hydride... 

Wood s metal consists of bismuth, lead, tin and cadmium. It has a melting range between 50 and 80°C. Rose s metal, an alloy of bismuth, lead and tin, melts at about 100°C. It takes its name from the German chemist and pharmacist Valentin Rose Sr. (1736-1771). Tin is used as one component in bdl metal, a type of bronze. The use of tin in ornaments and household articles has been treated above in connection with tin in history. 

Wood s metal Bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium 46 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth bismuth section... 

Determine the number of components in the following systems (a) an iceberg of pure HjO (b) bronze, an alloy of copper and tin (c) Wood s metal, an alloy of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium (it is used in sprinkler systems for fire control) (d) vodka, a mixture of water and ethyl alcohol (e) a mixture of sand and sugar. 

As with azeotropes, eutectics maybe ternary, quaternary, and so on, but their phase diagrams get very complex very quickly. A few important eutectics have an impact on ordinary life. Ordinary solder is a eutectic of tin and lead (63% and 37%, respectively) that melts at 183 C, whereas the melting points of tin and lead are 232 C and 327 C. Wood s metal is an alloy of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium (50 25 12.5 12.5) that melts at 70 C (lower than the boiling point of water ) that can be used in overhead fire sprinkler systems. NaCl and H2O make a eutectic that melts at — 21 C, which should be of some interest to communities that use salt on icy roads in the winter. (The composition of this eutectic is about 23 weight percent NaCl.) An unusual eutectic exists for cesium and potassium. In a 77 23 ratio, this eutectic melts at —48 C This eutectic would be a liquid metal at most terrestrial temperatures (and be very reactive toward water). 

Additions of antimony, bismuth and tin to the lead appear to be detrimental. There is an indication that the addition of 0 - l<7o Ag is almost as effective as 1% and additions as low as 0-01% has been utilised in practice. Dispersion-hardened lead alloys have been unsatisfactory, showing pronounced spalling in the direction of extrusion. Pb-0-lTe-0-lAg has been also used with apparent success" . 

Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, lead, tin and zinc cannot be directly plated by these techniques and should be copper plated. 

In a similar determination described by Lingane and Jones,11 an alloy containing copper, bismuth, lead, and tin is dissolved in hydrochloric acid as described above, and then 100 mL of sodium tartrate solution (0.1 M) is added, followed by sufficient sodium hydroxide solution (5M) to adjust the pH to 5.0. After the addition of hydrazinium chloride (4 g), the solution is warmed to 70 °C and then electrolysed. Copper is deposited at —0.3 volt, and then sequentially, bismuth at —0.4 volt, and lead at —0.6 volt all cathode potentials quoted are vs the S.C.E. After deposition of the lead, the solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid and the tin then deposited at a cathode potential of — 0.65 volt vs the S.C.E. 

Some alloys are softer than the component metals. The presence of big bismuth atoms helps to soften a metal and lower its melting point, much as melons would destabilize a stack of oranges because they just do not fit together well. A low-melting-point alloy of lead, tin, and bismuth is employed to control water sprinklers used in certain fire-extinguishing systems. The heat of the fire melts the alloy, which activates the sprinklers before the fire can spread. 

V. H. Aprahamian and D. G. Demopoulos, The Solution Chemistry and Solvent Extraction Behaviour of copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, Ag, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium in Acid Chloride Solutions Reviewed from the Standpoint of PGM Refining, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 14, p. 143,1995. 

Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powder Point Source Category—BAT, BPT, NSPS,PSES, and PSNS for lead tin-bismuth forming subcategory Yes 40 CFR 471 EPA 1985i... 

Time-weighted average (TWA), 74 215 concentration, 25 372 exposure limit, for tantalum, 24 334 Time-Zero SX-70 film, 79 303, 305-307 Tin (Sn). See Lead-antimony-tin alloys Lead- calcium-tin alloys Lead-lithium-tin alloys Lead-tin alloys, 24 782-800. See also Tin alloys Tin compounds allotropes of, 24 786 analytical methods for, 24 790-792 in antimony alloys, 3 52t atomic structure of, 22 232 in barium alloys, 3 344, 4 12t bismuth recovery from concentrates, 4 5-6... 

The use of a special microtechnique has permitted the precipitation, weighing, and determination of about 2 /xg of technetium with a standard deviation of 0.08 /xg . The precipitate is filtered, washed with ice-cold water, dried at 110 °C and weighed as (CgH5) AsTcO. Permanganate, perchlorate, periodate, iodide, fluoride, bromide, thiocyanate anions and mercury, bismuth, lead, silver, tin and vanadyl cations as well as nitrate concentrations above 0.5 M interfere with the determination. 

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