Development and Design

For presenting the results of the 3D-CT measurements the software tool 3D-CTViewer [12] was designed and developed under the visualization developer language IDL [13]. In this package both typical methods for 3D-visualization, the surface and the volume rendering technique [14], are implemented. 

Computer modelling provides powerful and convenient tools for the quantitative analysis of fluid dynamics and heat transfer in non-Newtonian polymer flow systems. Therefore these techniques arc routmely used in the modern polymer industry to design and develop better and more efficient process equipment and operations. The main steps in the development of a computer model for a physical process, such as the flow and deformation of polymeric materials, can be summarized as ... 

The utilization of commercially available finite element packages in the simulation of routine operations in industrial polymer processing is well established. However, these packages cannot be usually used as general research tools. Thus flexible in-house -created programs are needed to carry out the analysis required in the investigation, design and development of novel equipment and operations. 

P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bungaard, eds.,M Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Harwood Academic Pubhshers, Swit2edand, 1991. 

ISO 9000. The ISO 9000 series of standards was first issued in 1987 and then updated in 1994. The ISO 9000 standard describes the selection criteria for the four standards, ISO 9001—9004. ISO 9001 is composed of 20 items covering manufactured products from design and development in R D to commercial production and after-sale service or technical support. ISO 9002 has 19 of the items in 9001 describing the requirements of a quahty system for the manufacture of an item, such as chemicals, to a specification only the requirement relating to product development is omitted. Chemical companies seldom certify to ISO 9003, which describes the quahty system for a laboratory involved in final inspection and test. Finally, ISO 9004 presents guidelines for total quahty management. 

Asphalt-Rubber Systems (Warwick, Rhode Island) markets, designs, and develops specifications for asphalt—mbber paving projects for highways and streets. The company has paved 48 km of highway in Worcester, Massachusetts. Some sections of the road paved with asphalt—mbber membranes are more resilient than surfaces without asphalt—mbber (16). 

As for oil and gas, the burner is the principal device required to successfully fire pulverized coal. The two primary types of pulverized-coal burners are circular concentric and vertical jet-nozzle array burners. Circular concentric burners are the most modem and employ swid flow to promote mixing and to improve flame stabiUty. Circular burners can be single or dual register. The latter type was designed and developed for NO reduction. Either one of these burner types can be equipped to fire any combination of the three principal fuels, ie, coal, oil and gas. However, firing pulverized coal with oil in the same burner should be restricted to short emergency periods because of possible coke formation on the pulverized-coal element (71,72). 

Mah, R.S., G.M. Stanley, and D.M. Downing, Reconciliation and Rectification of Process Flow and Inventory Data, Indushial and Engineeiing Chemishy, Piocess Design and Development, 15(1), 1976, 175-18.3 (Reconciliation, impact of gross errors)... 

Is there a program for the design and development of new major equipment ... 

Coneeivably, a number of new issues in produet design and development have been diseussed in this opening seetion, but in summary ... 

Haque, B. and Pawar, K. S. 1998 Development of a Methodology and Tool for Analysing New Product Design and Development in a Concurrent Engineering Environment. In Proceedings EDC 98, Bury St Edmunds Professional Engineering Publishing, 669-677... 

To improve customer satisfaction and business competitiveness, companies need to reduce the levels of non-conformance and attendant failure costs associated with poor product design and development. Attention needs to be focused on the quality and reliability of the design as early as possible in the product development process. This can be achieved by understanding the potential for variability in design parameters and the likely failure consequences in order to reduce the overall risk. The effective use of tools and techniques for designing for quality and reliability can provide this necessary understanding to reduce failure costs. 

Design and development of inherently safer process chemistry and physical treatment may be the most economical way to eliminate a... 

Do the design controls ensure that design and development activities are planned so as prevent failure and secure success ... 

Quality system design and development, addressed by clauses 4.2.1 and 4.2.2... 

Three types of control plan are required. During the product design and development phase, a prototype control plan is required to be produced. During the process design and development phase, a pre-launch or pilot production control plan is required, and during the product and process validation phase, the production control plan is to be issued. 

The standard requires the supplier to prepare plans for each design and development activify which describe or reference these activities and define responsibility for their im piemen ta tion. 

You should prepare a design and development plan for each new design and also for any modification of an existing design that radically changes the performance of the... 

Design and development plans need to identify the activities to be performed, who will perform them, and when they should commence and be complete. One good technique is to use a network chart (often called a PERT chart), which links all the activities together. Alternatively a bar chart may be adequate. In addition there does need to be some narrative, as charts rarely convey everything required. 

The design and development program showing activities against time... 

Planning for all phases at once can be difficult, as information for subsequent phases will not be available until earlier phases have been completed. So, your design and development plans may consist of four separate documents, one for each phase and each containing some detail of the plans you have made for subsequent phases. 

Your design and development plans may also need to be subdivided into plans for special aspects of the design, such as reliability plans, safety plans, electromagnetic compatibility plans, configuration management plans. 

The standard requires that the design and development plans describe or reference design and development activities. Hence where you need to produce separate plans they should be referenced in the overall plan so that you remain in control of all the activities. 

The standard requires that the design and development plans be updated as the design evolves. 

This requirement appears low down in the list of requirements and should ideally have been the first requirement that the standard addressed under design control. Until you have a design input you cannot carry out your design and development planning. 

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