Nuclear material

The rationale for the development of such fibers is demonstrated by their appHcation in the medical field, notably hemoperfusion, where cartridges loaded with activated charcoal-filled hoUow fiber contact blood. Low molecular weight body wastes diffuse through the fiber walls and are absorbed in the fiber core. In such processes, the blood does not contact the active sorbent direcdy, but faces the nontoxic, blood compatible membrane (see Controlled RELEASE TECHNOLOGY, pharmaceutical). Other uses include waste industrial appHcations as general as chromates and phosphates and as specific as radioactive/nuclear materials. 

The hulls are the first material removed from the process to merit concern in respect to safeguards. These represent a possible route for special nuclear material (SNM) to be clandestinely removed from the system. Special instmmentation is used to assay the hulls containers for residual SNM. This step not only monitors the dissolver for proper functioning, but also serves an accountancy function as a material access area portal and enables the satisfaction of contractual requirements regarding process losses (40). 

Proceedings of the Second Cnited Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Cses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Sept. 1—3,1958, United Nations pubUcation, Geneva, 1958, particulady Vol. 4 Production of Nuclear Materials andlsotopes. 

Kelly, B.T., Nuclear reactor moderator materials. In Materials Science and Technology Nuclear Materials, Part 1 (VCH Weinheim, 1994) pp. 365-417. 

An example of a journal hovering between broad and narrow spectrum is Journal of Alloys and Compounds, subtitled an interdiciplinary journal of materials science and solid-state chemistry and physics. One which is more restrictively focused is Journal of Nuclear Materials (which I edited for its first 25 years). Ceramics has a range of journals, of which the most substantial is Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Ceramics International is an example of an international journal in the field, while Journal of the European Ceramic Society is a rather unusual instance of a periodical with a continental remit. More specialised journals include Solid State Ionics Diffusion and Reactions, and a new Journal of Electroceramics, started in 1997. 

Department of Energy - has sponsored analyses of its reactors and process facilities, the risks of the breeder reactor, the risk of nuclear material transportation and disposal, and the risks of several fuel cycles. 

The licensing process consists of two steps construction and operating license that must be completed before fuel loading. Licensing covers radiological safety, environmental protection, and antitru,st considerations. Activities not defined as production or utilization of special nuclear material (SNM), use simple one-step. Materials Licenses, for the possession of radioactive materials. Examples are uranium mills, solution recovery plants, UO fabrication plants, interim spent fuel storage, and isotopic separation plants. 

The DOE N-Reactor is one of the plutonium production reactors located on the Hanford Reservation near Richland, Washington. It is graphite moderated, pressurized water reactors that in addition to production of special nuclear materials also provided steam to turbine generators owned by the Washington Public Power Supply System for electric power production. It began op ition in 1 is put into standby status in 1988 and closed because of similarities to Chernobyl. 

Croff, A. G., 1983, A Versatile Computer Code for Calculating the Nuclide Compositions and Characteristics of Nuclear Material, Nucl. Technol. 62, p 335, September. 

Fullwood, R. R. and R.C. Erdmann, 1983, Risks Associated with Nuclear Material Waste Processing, Progress in Nuclear Energy, Pergammon Press Ltd. 

The energy produced in a nuclear reactor vessel is the result of a nuclear fission (atom splitting) process that occurs when sufficient nuclear material is brought together (critical mass). Under these circumstances, a chain reaction occurs and an external supply of neutrons is not required. A nuclear fuel control rod system raises or lowers the nuclear fuel (which is contained within fuel rods) inside the reactor vessel. 

Sari, C. Benedict, U. Blank, H. Thermodynamics of Nuclear Materials, IAEA, Vienna 1968, p. 587. 

Atlas, L. M. Schlehman, G. J. "Thermodynamics of Nuclear Materials," International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1966 p. 407. 

Ackermann, R. J. Chandrasekhariah, M. S. "Thermodynamic of Nuclear Materials 1974," International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1975 p. 3-26. 

Recent Advances in Microbiological Methods. Chemistry of Gram Staining and of the Feulgen and Dische Reactions for Nuclear Material, M. Stacey, Nature, 171 (1953) 507. 

The unit of construction of all living organisms on Earth is the cell. Some organisms consist of a single cell others contain many cells. Cells range in size from less than 1 pm (10 m) to more than 500 pm in diameter. All cells have the same basic structures a bounding cell membrane, a nucleus or nuclear material, and cytoplasm in which most biochemical reactions take place. 

Fig. 3-7 A thin section through a prokaryotic cell. Note that the nuclear material (N) is not bound by a membrane, but is free in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and other intracytoplasmic structures are absent. (Reprinted with permission from J. J. Cardamone, Jr., Univ. of Pittsburgh/Biological Photo Service.)...

He is a recognized expert in solid state and materials chemistry and environmental chemistry. He has active programs in solid state f-element chemistry and nanomaterials science. His current research interests include heavy metal detection and remediation in aqueous environments, ferroelectric nanomaterials, actinide and rare-earth metal sohd slate chemistry, and nuclear non-proliferation. He currently maintains a collaboration in nuclear materials with Los Alamos National Laboratory and a collaboration in peaceful materials science development with the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, U.S. State Department projects. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reviews, while presenting over 130 international and national invited lectures on his area of chemistry. Dr. Dorhout currently serves as Vice Provost for Graduate Studies and Assistant Vice President for research. He has also served as the Interim Executive Director for the Office of International Programs and as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education for the College of Natural Sciences at Colorado State University. 

These reference materials are also suitable for calibration of instruments for isotopic measurements, calibration and evaluation of isotopic measurement procedures, development of isotopic measurement methods, and nuclear material accountability measurements. Many of these IRMM materials are, in fact, concerned with the last of these applications, i.e. in the area of nuclear material accountability. Some of them have been examined by a nuclear experts committee and certified as EC-NRMs (European Community - Nuclear Reference Materials). 

Based on the history of terrorist attacks, which have mostly involved hijacking and bombing of aircraft, current threat-detection measures have concentrated on detecting weapons or explosives. In the future, terrorist attacks could also involve the use of toxic chemicals, chemical and biological warfare agents, or even radiological and nuclear materials.1 2... 

SeniorScience Adviser Nuclear Materials andStockpile Management. Los AlamosNational Laboratory Richard Kennedy... 

I would like to focus briefly on nonproliferation issues and specifically on the United States cooperation with Russia on nuclear material security issues that are directly related to civil nuclear power issues. Our cooperation with Russia on nuclear materials issues has intensified greatly since the end of the Cold War. 

---