Textiles objects

After the final rinse, the table is tilted to be drained, and the textile or rug is blotted with cotton mattress pads to remove excess moisture. The pads are placed underneath of and on top of the textile object. If the object is in a strong condition, it often is rolled between pads to further extract the water (Figure 15). After blotting with mattress pads, the textile or rug is placed on a stretched polypropylene screen in a large drying cabinet on a specially constructed cart that houses four 4 X O expanded metal shelves (Figure 16). If the textile or rug is too large for the shelf units, the piece can be draped over four 10 metal poles... 

Many of the fabric structures from which these samples were taken have been described in other publications (1-3). In experimenting with appropriate methods for preparation of samples for elemental analysis, fibers are of limited value because they cannot be proven to belong to the textile object in the box. For experimental purposes, these fabrics served well as representative brittle, fragile, and minute fibrous samples for preparation and analysis. 

Tactile Dialogues is a textile object in the form of a pillow with integrated vibration elements that react to touch (Figure 7.1). To develop this embodied smart textile service, prototypes of the pillow were produced together with an elder care provider. 

Geijer, A. (1961b). The conservation of textile objects. Museum, 14,161-188. 

Organic Materials. Museums contain large numbers of objects made out of components from plants or animals, including wood, eg, furniture, carvings fibers eg, textiles (qv), paper (qv) fmits, skin, eg, leather (qv), parchment bone ivory etc. Several of these materials have properties related to their preservation. 

Textiles. Microwave drying of textiles is under investigation, in addition to the possible uses for curing of impregnated and dyed fabrics (182). A microwave clothes dryer for consumer or commercial apphcation is also under discussion (183). Considerable developmental work and media pubhcity have occurred. Problems remain, however, particularly relating to arcing and resonant heating of metal objects that may be present in a load of clothes. These problems may be alleviated by operation at 915 rather than 2450 MHz (184). 

Reflectance Spectrophotometry. Because of discrepancies that can occur between strength and shade evaluations in solution and on textile substrates, the latter is often the preferred evaluation technique. In the case of dye manufacture, many dyes are standardized in solution but there is always a final control step where dyeings are prepared. Historically, such dyeings have been evaluated visually for the relative strength and the shade of the dye under test on the substrate, compared to the standard. More and more attempts are being made to do such evaluations objectively. Guidelines for the use of this technique have been pubflshed (43). 

Color Difference Evaluation. Shade evaluation is comparable in importance to relative strength evaluation for dyes. This is of interest to both dye manufacturer and dye user for purposes of quaUty control. Objective evaluation of color differences is desirable because of the well-known variabihty of observers. A considerable number of color difference formulas that intend to transform the visually nonuniform International Commission on Illumination (CIE) tristimulus color space into a visually uniform space have been proposed over the years. Although many of them have proven to be of considerable practical value (Hunter Lab formula, Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC) formula, Adams-Nickerson formula, etc), none has been found to be satisfactorily accurate for small color difference evaluation. Correlation coefficients for the correlation between average visually determined color difference values and those based on measurement and calculation with a formula are typically of a magnitude of approximately 0.7 or below. In the interest of uniformity of international usage, the CIE has proposed two color difference formulas (CIELAB and CIELUV) one of which (CIELAB) is particularly suitable for appHcation on textiles (see Color). 

These cylinder units are applicable to almost any form of sheet material that is not injuriously affected by contact with steam-heated metal surfaces. They are used chiefly when the sheet possesses certain properties such as a tendency to shrink or lacks the mechanical strength necessary for most types of continuous-sheeting air diyers. Applications are to diy films of various sorts, paper pulp in sheet form, paper sheets, paperboard, textile piece goods and fibers, etc. In some cases, imparting a special finish to the surface of the sheet may be an objective. 

The electrical conductivity of PET fibers as compared with other main synthetic fibers is relatively low. This explains why PET fibers are often utilized in the manufacture of textiles as electroisolating materials. The value of the electrical resistivity characterizing reciprocal conductivity is of the order 10 (/2 cm). The mechanism of the electrical conductivity of PET fibers is still a matter of controversy. According to results attained [57], there are convincing arguments that in the case of PET objects the electrical conductivity is due to the ionic mechanism. 

In contrast to specifying to suppliers what chemicals or materials are restricted, it is useful to specify exactly what chemicals and materials are desired. Once a material or chemical is well characterized, and it is considered benign with respect to human and environmental health, it can be added to a preferred or positive list (i.e., P-list). For example, a textile manufacturer may source certified organic cotton, or polyester made with antimony-free catalysts, to develop a product line based on these fibres. Or a cleaning product formulator may seek bio-based solvents or rapidly biodegradable surfactants consistent with their product development objectives. 

The initial objective of this series of books has been to establish a coherent body of explanatory information on the principles and application technology of relevance for students preparing to take the Associateship examinations of the Society. This particular book has been directed specifically to the subject areas covered by Section A of Paper B the organic chemistry and application of dyes and pigments and of the auxiliaries used with them in textile coloration processes. However, many qualified chemists and colourists interested in the properties of colorants and their auxiliaries have found the First Edition useful as a work of reference. For several reasons it has been convenient to divide the material into two separate volumes 1. Colorants, 2. Auxiliaries. Although fluorescent brighteners share some features in common with colorants, they have been treated as auxiliary products in this book. 

Men have always used the natural materials around us to produce functional objects and works of art. Paintings and other objects that are part of our cultural heritage, including textiles, books, sculptures, archaeological objects, furniture and the organic residues found in association with them (e.g. cosmetics, medicines, perfumes, food), contain a wide variety of organic materials from natural to synthetic. 

As objects of research samples of camouflage textile material with dimensions 20x50 mm were used. For contamination of the samples we used mustard agent (P,P -dichloroethyl sulphide) with a purity of 95,6 %. Contamination was accomplished with a special dropper (figure 1) resulting in a weight of the droplets of 0,5.10"6 kg and a density on the test material of 5.10"3kg/m2. 

Virtually all commercial textile dyeing and printing processes take place by the application of a solution or a dispersion of the dyes to the textile material followed by some type of fixation process. The dye solution or dispersion is almost always in an aqueous medium. A major objective of the fixation step is normally to ensure that the coloured textile exhibits satisfactory fastness to subsequent treatment in aqueous wash liquors. In view of the overriding importance of water as a transfer medium in dyeing and printing it seems reasonable to begin with a discussion of the properties of dyes in solution and in dispersion. 

P.R.176 provides very lightfast polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing products. The samples equal step 6-7 on the Blue Scale. Dry and wet crocking may affect the objects to a certain extent. P.R.176 is also used in polypropylene spin dyeing, especially for coarse textiles, such as carpet fibers, split fibers, filaments, bristles, or tape, but also for finer denier yams. A special pigment preparation for this purpose is commercially available. 1/3 SD samples tolerate exposure to up to 300°C for one minute or up to 290°C for 5 minutes. In terms of lightfastness, 0.1% colorations equal step 5-6 on the Blue Scale, while 2% samples match step 7. 

Random copolymerization of one or more additional monomers into the backbone of PET is a traditional approach to reducing crystallinity slightly (to increase dye uptake in textile fibers) or even to render the copolymer completely amorphous under normal processing and use conditions (to compete with polycarbonate, cellulose propionate and acrylics in clear, injection molded or extruded objects). 

PE did not receive much commercial use until after the war when it was used in the manufacture of film and molded objects. PE film displaced cellophane in many applications being used for packaging produce, textiles, and frozen and perishable foods. This PE was branched and had a relatively low softening temperature, below 100°C, preventing its use for materials where boiling water was needed for sterilization. 

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