Textile manufacturing

Oxahc acid is used in various industrial areas, such as textile manufacture and processing, metal surface treatments (qv), leather tanning, cobalt production, and separation and recovery of rare-earth elements. Substantial quantities of oxahc acid are also consumed in the production of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other chemical derivatives. 

Fibers have been used by humans for thousands of years, but only in the twentieth century has there been such an explosion in fiber types available to the textile manufacturer. The advent of synthetic fibers possessing improved resiliency and dimensional stability has placed natural fibers, particularly cotton (qv), at an ostensible disadvantage. Before synthetics, various means to control the shrinkage, dimensional stability, and smooth-dry performance of cotton had been investigated, but the appearance of synthetics such as polyester has placed a greater sense of urgency on cotton interests to focus on the perceived deficiencies of natural fibers. 

As a weak acid (in aqueous solution) carbon dioxide neutralizes excess caustic in textile manufacturing operations. It does not injure fabrics and is easy to use. Carbon dioxide is also used for neutralizing alkaline wastewaters, treating skins in tanning operations, and carbonating treated water to prevent scaling. 

Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 63 1995) Printing processes (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 65 1996) Textile manufacturing industry (work in) (Vol. 48 1990)... 

Dyes from textile manufacturing that produce steam discoloration and may also present some chemical incompatibility (with amine treatments for example)... 

Chemical manufacture, soaps and detergents, petroleum, food processing, pulp and paper industry, water treatment, textile manufacture. 

In contrast to specifying to suppliers what chemicals or materials are restricted, it is useful to specify exactly what chemicals and materials are desired. Once a material or chemical is well characterized, and it is considered benign with respect to human and environmental health, it can be added to a preferred or positive list (i.e., P-list). For example, a textile manufacturer may source certified organic cotton, or polyester made with antimony-free catalysts, to develop a product line based on these fibres. Or a cleaning product formulator may seek bio-based solvents or rapidly biodegradable surfactants consistent with their product development objectives. 

High salt concentrations up to 15-20% can be found in wastewater from dyestuff industries. Moreover, textile manufacturers located on coastal areas can cause pollution of seawater. The biological treatability of wastewater with a high saline concentration is limited because most of the microorganisms that are able to degrade azo dyes are not active in these conditions, in which the selection of halophilic or halotolerant bacteria capable to degrade azo dyes is necessary [79]. 

PTT fibers and yams have bulk, resiliency, stretch-recovery, softness, hand and drape, properties which are similar to those of nylons and much better than those of PET. Such materials are inherently resistant to most stains which are acidic in nature because they not have dye sites. They also have a lower static propensity than nylons. PTT fibers are dyed with disperse dyes but at a lower temperature than PET because of the polymer s lower Tt. The combinations of these properties are attractive to carpet and textile manufacturers in some applications where PTT could replace nylon or PET. PTT also offers the potential of creating new fiber products by using the unique combinations of these properties not found in either nylon or PET alone. 

IARC (1990). Some flame-retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), vol 48... 

In theory, the Smith predictor gives significant improvement in control. In practice, only modest improvement can be achieved in many processes. This is due to the sensitivity of the stability of the system to small changes in system parameters. If the controller is tightly tuned and there is a small shift in the actual deadtime of the process, the system can go unstable. Therefore, most of the successful applications have been in processes which have gains, time constants, and deadtimes that are well known and constant. Examples include paper machines, steel rolling mills, and textile manufacturing. 

In further recognition of Industry responsibilities, efforts were made through the American Textile Manufacturers Institute to develop a set of work practices for industry-wide application to diminish the exposure of individual employees to cotton dust hazards. The comprehensive and stringent series of work practices developed were consolidated into a printed booklet in 19730). This publication was distributed widely through the industry. In addition, an industry delegation called on the Secretary of Labor, urging that the recommended practices be established immediately as a mandatory OSHA standardO). This was not done. 

Safety and Health Committee "Work Practices Standard for Raw Cotton Dust" American Textile Manufacturers Institute Charlotte,... 

Two major textile manufacturers have received permission to use CAM and PCAM equipment in place of LVE s and it is quite possible that a broader approval by Federal and State OSHA s will be given. 

Cotton garnetters and waste recyclers process a variety of materials including SCMW from textile manufacturers, motes from... 

Brittle, yellow, reactive nonmetal used mainly to produce sulfur dioxide useful in textile manufacturing, paper making, and as a food preservative. 

The conservative Scottish textile manufacturers were slow to adapt to this new dye, and the leadership of innovation went to French textile manufacturers by default. When Empress Eugenie of France wore mauve in public, it impressed Queen Victoria to wear mauve at her daughter s wedding, so there was a wave of enthusiasm for synthetic dye. Perkin became very successful in commerce, and gave up business for chemistry research later in life. Fie was knighted in 1906, at the 50-year anniversary of his discovery, and died in 1907. Mauve had a short commercial life, as its early success led to further experimentations that produced many better dyes, particularly in Germany. This marked the beginning of the synthetic dye industry, which was the first modern chemical industry. 

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