Initial object

Since Chatt and Davidson13 observed the first clear example of simple oxidative addition of a C—H bond of naphthalene to a ruthenium metal center, Ru(dmpe)2 (dmpe = Me2PCH2CH2PMe2), hydrocarbon activation has been the subject of many transition metal studies.11 c Sometimes, the efforts in this field have ended in findings different from the initial objectives, which have been the starting point for the development of novel organometallic chemistry. 

The initial objective of this series of books has been to establish a coherent body of explanatory information on the principles and application technology of relevance for students preparing to take the Associateship examinations of the Society. This particular book has been directed specifically to the subject areas covered by Section A of Paper B the organic chemistry and application of dyes and pigments and of the auxiliaries used with them in textile coloration processes. However, many qualified chemists and colourists interested in the properties of colorants and their auxiliaries have found the First Edition useful as a work of reference. For several reasons it has been convenient to divide the material into two separate volumes 1. Colorants, 2. Auxiliaries. Although fluorescent brighteners share some features in common with colorants, they have been treated as auxiliary products in this book. 

The National Research Council of Canada has undertaken a project, in collaboration with Bedford Institute of Oceanography of the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, to address the need for a seawater certified reference material for micronutrients with the initial objective being the preparation of a material with certified values for nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved silica. 

We have developed an in vitro digestion procedure, not as a substitute for in vivo studies, but as a useful adjunct. Our initial objective was to develop an in vitro procedure for measuring exchangeability, the fraction of the food mineral which exchanges with an extrinsic isotope tracer added to the food. This was expected to facilitate the measurement of food mineral absorption in humans by the extrinsic tag method. Secondary objectives were to determine if in vitro mineral solubility could be used to estimate potential... 

The initial objective for reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuels [27,28] was to recover and purify Pu for military applications. However, with the... 

The initial objective of this paper is to identify, within the context of macromolecular solution modeling, the typical approximations, explicit and implicit, and to discuss the possible impHcations of such approximations. Secondly, we hope to demonstrate that modeling of carbohydrate high polymer solu-... 

The initial objective of the search was an anthelmintic with properties radically different from those of known anthelmintics. What was found was an anthelmintic whose properties were indeed markedly different — not only in terms of chemical structure and efficacy against helminths, but also in the extension of the potential utility of the class to the control of arthropod parasites of animals. Further, the compounds turned out to have striking activity against a variety of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes and arthropods — and so it has come about that a new livestock anthelmintic has become an agenda item in this symposium on agricultural pesticides. 

Our initial objective, in this investigation, had been to design a useful chiral auxihary. We were pleased to find that naphthylborneol 31, upon optimization of the catalyst and the reaction temperature, served effectively. Until useful chiral catalysts are developed, naphthylborneol 31 will be of significant practical value for directing the absolute course of cyclopentane construction by rhodium-mediated intramolecular C-H insertion. 

Historically, the initial objective behind the use of thermochemical processes for water splitting was to produce... 

This example has been presented previously in this chapter. The initial objective was to demonstrate the non-inferiority of fluconazole compared to amphotericin B in the prevention of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. The non-inferiority margin was set at —15 per cent for the difference in the relapse rates. 

Continuous improvement PAT framework provides many options and opportunities including research data collection in production Manufacturing Science WG creating regulatory flexibility through ICH Q8 CGMP initiative objective Product is in specification Acceptance criteria—variable/continuous data Evolutionary, incremental process optimization, continuous, daily activity Carried out by plant and quality staff... 

Corrective actions PAT opens the door for new tools for root cause investigations and data collection in production Manufacturing Science provides the foundation for more effective approaches CGMP initiative objective f-5 Product is out of specification (OOS) or procedural deviations Crisis —immediate action needed Required by regulators... 

Concentration Method. The concentration procedure that was developed and evaluated was a RO-Donnan dialysis system (4). The initial objective during method development was to conduct membranescreening tests to evaluate the suitability of various RO and ion-exchange membranes. The four membranes considered for final evaluation on the basis of solute rejection, chlorine stability, and artifact production were the cellulose acetate and FT-30 (Film Tec) RO membranes, the Nafion cation-exchange membrane, and the ION AC MA 3475 anion-exchange membrane. 

Two characteristics of plastics are processability and cost. Processing is a key factor required to commercialize a product. A process must be developed to scale up economically from bench to pilot plant and eventually to a production process. Equally important is adaptation of new polymer to economical fabrication. Successful fabrication insures that laboratory properties are inherent in end product. A processability value must be included in initial objectives and product description. 

The initial objective of the approach was cobyric acid (334), in which the propionic substituent at the 17-position must be differentiated from all other amides in the molecule ... 

The question of carrier design was first addressed for the transport of inorganic cations. In fact, selective alkali cation transport was one of the initial objectives of our work on cryptates [1.26a, 6.4]. Natural acyclic and macrocyclic ligands (such as monensin, valinomycin, enniatin, nonactin, etc.) were found early on to act as selective ion carriers, ionophores and have been extensively studied, in particular in view of their antibiotic properties [1.21, 6.5]. The discovery of the cation binding properties of crown ethers and of cryptates led to active investigations of the ionophoretic properties of these synthetic compounds [2.3c, 6.1,6.2,6.4-6.13], The first step resides in the ability of these substances to lipophilize cations by complexation and to extract them into an organic or membrane phase [6.14, 6.15]. 

US Department of Energy. 2005. Report to Congress, advanced fuel cycle initiative Objectives, approach, and technology summary. 

As part of a search for other ligands capable of adopting a square-planar configuration about a metal atom and thus potentially able to form stacked units our attention was drawn to the ligand H2P2052- (diphosphonate), usually abbreviated pop. Platinum complexes of this ligand - in particular [Pt2 (pop) i,] l - have already been subject to interesting studies of their luminescence, electronic, Raman and infrared spectra (12-161. Our initial objectives were to try to incorporate [Pt v(en)2X2]2+ (en =... 

The ability to modify the backbones of LMP structures with phosphonates allows for wide flexibility in the design of new materials containing photoactive binuclear metal cores. The goal of our initial studies has been to demonstrate that a ligating functionality within the gallery is accessible for reaction with a bimetallic core. To demonstrate these initial objectives, we have chosen to study zirconium phosphate modified with alkyl carboxylate, which is a good ligand of bimetallic cores. 

Figure 2 A simple example of GAMMA C++ code that initializes objects and organizes them into a spin-echo pulse sequence simulation that uses ideal RF pulses.

The initial objective is to manufacture various types of high chemical reactivity product from petroleum hydrocarbons. These products are the first generation intermediates ... 

Besides the initial object of CARS as a tool for the determination of molecular energy levels and its application to combustion studies and related areas, there are several other scientific applications of academic interests. These include spectral lineshape studies, collisional effects, Dicke narrowing, nonadditivity effects, and motional narrowing. CARS turned out to be an excellent method for these studies (Berger et al., 1992 and references therein). 

---