From Natural Raw Materials

4 Manufacture of Synthetic Zeolites 5.1.3.4.1 From Natural Raw Materials 

Zeolites, particularly zeolite A, can be manufactured from kaolinitic clays, which as particularly found in Central Europe, Great Britain, Japan, China and USA. To transform kaolin into zeolite, it has to be thermally converted, e.g. by shock heating to 550°C, to metakaolin. The metakaolin is then su.spended in sodium hydroxide solution and converted at 70 to 100°C into zeolite A. Some of the impurities contained in the natural raw material are retained in the final product. If amorphous silica is added, Si02-rich zeolites are produced. This process enables the transformation of preformed bodies into zeolite materials. 

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Isolate. A relatively pure chemical produced from natural raw materials by physical means, eg, distillation, extraction, crystallization, etc, and therefore natural or by chemical means, ie, via hydrolysis, bisulfite addition products, and regeneration, etc, and therefore artificial by 1993 U.S. labeling regulations. 

Conventional ceramics are made from natural raw materials such as clay or silica advanced ceramics require extremely pure manmade starting materials such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconium oxide, or aluminum oxide and may also incorporate sophisticated additives to produce specific microstractures. 

With regard to the location of innovation systems, however, neither the regional nor the national level (national and regional iimovation systems) could be apphed in the SubChem project due to the subject of examination. A branch approach (sectoral innovation systems) was also not an appropriate way to approach the SubChem project. The iimovation systems examined by SubChem are to be found over the entire supply chain from natural raw material supply and chemicals production to disposal and recychng (innovation systems going beyond supply chains and/or product life cycles). 

Bio-degradable mould release agents from natural raw materials... 

Fig. 23.1 Microbial routes from natural raw materials to and between natural flavour compounds (solid arrows). Natural raw materials are depicted within the ellipse. Raw material fractions are derived from their natural sources by conventional means, such as extraction and hydrolysis (dotted arrows). De novo indicates flavour compounds which arise from microbial cultures by de novo biosynthesis (e.g. on glucose or other carbon sources) and not by biotransformation of an externally added precursor. It should be noted that there are many more flavour compounds accessible by biocatalysis using free enzymes which are not described in this chapter, especially flavour esters by esterification of natural alcohols (e.g. aliphatic or terpene alcohols) with natural acids by free lipases. For the sake of completeness, the C6 aldehydes are also shown although only the formation of the corresponding alcohols involves microbial cells as catalysts. The list of flavour compounds shown is not intended to be all-embracing but focuses on the examples discussed in this chapter... 

Magnesite (from natural raw materials) 83-95 MgO l-8Fe2 03 CaO, Si02, AI2O3 MgO(periclase) Magnesite... 

Industry utilizes less expensive porous insulations made from natural raw materials, even when the temperature of their application does not usually exceed 1000 °C. widely employed are diatomite insulations (cf. Section I.l) formed in blocks, possibly with addition of clay and combustible substances and fired to the required strength which is indirectly proportional to porosity and insulating properties. 

Oxide products have achieved industrial prominence as refractory materials mainly becau.se they can be eheaply manufactured from natural raw materials (see Table 5.5-6). 

Medicines were made from natural, raw materials which were compounded in many, many different ways. A large portion of the medical treatment available in India today is the so-called Ayurvedic system (science of life) which is based on these ancient cures. Specific plants or combinations were used for specific ailments. Mention of these are given in the great epic poems of India, the Mahabharata, and the Rayman. Some of the medical research being carried out in India today is based on finding the active ingredients in the plants being used by the Ayurvedic physician. 

To identify early plastics obtained from natural raw materials, a few simple tests are suggested. In view of the multitude of possible substances and since the associated compositions are not in each case known, simple test methods will often be restricted to a determination of the basic components involved. 

Similarities between FASAL and ARBOFORM can be found. The fibre components of FASAL are wood particles, rice husks or coconut fibres. Natural starch, such as for example from maize, and partly proteins are used as binders. Resins or pigments from natural raw materials are used as additives. Processing is done by processing techniques used in the plastics industry, e.g. by extrusion. The application is comparable to the one of injection moulded ARBOFORM . ... 

Most lubricants are made from natural raw materials paraffins from petroleum residues, lignite carbonization, or bimminous shales the natural fatty acids (Cje to Cl 8 acids and mixtures of same), vegetable and animal fats. Further hydration of the fatty acids results in fatty alcohols. The most effective lubricants in technical terms, as well as the most expensive lubricants, are refined mmitanic waxes (C28-C32). Semisynthetic lubricants are based on the conversion of alcohols to esters, metal oxides or hydroxides to salts or amines to amides. FuUy S3mthetic waxes include low molecular PE and PP waxes or copolymers made from ethylene, VAC, acrylic, or crotonic acid. 

Ceramic oxides represent the most extensive group of ceramic materials produced today. Traditionally, but rather artificially, the oxide ceramics are divided into traditional and advanced groups. The traditional ceramics include mostly silica-based products prepared from natural raw materials (clays), including building parts (bricks, tiles), pottery, sanitaryware, and porcelain, but also ceramics with other main components (e.g., alumina, magnesia), which are applied in the field of electroceramics (insulators), or industrial refractories. 

Consequently, LiChrolut EN is a nano/mesoporous adsorbent. This adsorbent is characterized by pores of a more complex shape than carbon adsorbents (even produced from natural raw materials) because cross-linked polymer chains form a disordered tangle structure. Therefore, the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm for this adsorbent has a large and practically open hysteresis loop (Figure 5.26). 

May not be added as such to foodstuffs or to avorings. May be present in a foodstuff either naturally or following the addition of avorings prepared from natural raw materials. ... 

Intensive research work is going on to optimize AB. Lanthanum has been replaced by a more or less lanthanum-rich mischmetall while part of the nickel has been substituted by other metals. One example is La gNd jNij Co Si j. Because of the expense tests have been carried out to see whether REM mixtures directly prepared from natural raw materials, e.g. monazite sand, can be used. One composition, which makes a great number of recharges possible, is (MmlNij jAl gCOg. (Mm) stands for mischmetall. 

Coloured products derived from natural raw materials through various technological processes, such as caramel and malt extract. 

However, to meet the increasing demands, boosted by the Industrial Revolution, of industry and society, mass production of ceramic products from natural raw materials began. Depending on the type of product, various proportions of clay-, quartz- and feldspars were used, and methods proven in the production of earthenware and porcelain applied ( 2. Tradition continued. Clay tradition)). The products include a. big high-voltage insulators for power supply lines, made in most cases of so-called technical porcelain which contains more quartz and AI2O3 than traditional porcelain b. sanitary ware—this term includes a series of products used for sanitary purposes, such as washbasins, toilet bowls, bidets, etc. c. Acid-resistant ceramics used for drains and sewers d. Ceramic tiles for walls and floors. 

In the case of food supplements the standards apply to the stated active ingredients. All the vitamins, minerals and excipients used in a food supplement should, where feasible, be from natural raw materials. 

Primary energy sources are defined as those coming from natural raw materials. Electricity is not included because it is a secondary... 

Artificial fibers and fabrics are produced by chemical treatment of natural cellulose obtained from sprace, pine tree and fir. Artificial fibers based on cellulose are viscose, acetate, and so on. These fibers obtained from natural raw material have higher amorphous stracture as compared with high molecular natural material and, therefore, have lower stability, higher moisture, and swelhng capacity. 

Silicate ceramics are generally alumino-silicate based materials obtained from natural raw materials. They exhibit a set of fundamental properties, such as chemical inertia, thermal stability and mechanical strength, which explain why they are widely used in construction products (sanitary articles, floor and wall tiles, bricks, tiles) and domestic articles (crockery, decorative objects, pottery). They are often complex materials, whose usage properties depend at least as much on microstructure and aesthetics as on composition. Silicate products with an exclusively technical application (refractory materials, insulators or certain dental implants) will not be explicitly discussed in this chapter. 

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