Auxiliary products

The diazotization of aminosulfonic acids, as well as that of amines with sparingly soluble salts, can be improved by the presence of dispersing agents. Most cationic textile auxiliary products may be used for this purpose. 

Raw materials and auxiliary products used in a process as well as materials of construction for equipment items can be the eause of scale-up effects . Pure raw and auxiliary materials must be used in laboratory studies to eliminate the influence of impurities on the ehoice of the process route, catalyst selection, and search for satisfactory process conditions. However, pure chemicals are usually too expensive to use for manufacture on a commercial scale. It is common practice to use raw materials of technical grade in a full-scale plant. These materials contain impurities, which can act as catalysts or inhibitors. They can react with reactants or intermediates, thereby decreasing yields and selectivities of desired produets. Therefore, raw materials of technical grade, even from different suppliers must first be tested on laboratory scale. 

The initial objective of this series of books has been to establish a coherent body of explanatory information on the principles and application technology of relevance for students preparing to take the Associateship examinations of the Society. This particular book has been directed specifically to the subject areas covered by Section A of Paper B the organic chemistry and application of dyes and pigments and of the auxiliaries used with them in textile coloration processes. However, many qualified chemists and colourists interested in the properties of colorants and their auxiliaries have found the First Edition useful as a work of reference. For several reasons it has been convenient to divide the material into two separate volumes 1. Colorants, 2. Auxiliaries. Although fluorescent brighteners share some features in common with colorants, they have been treated as auxiliary products in this book. 

This second volume of the book collects together a remarkable quantity and variety of factual information linking the application properties of auxiliary products in textile coloration and related processes to as much as is known of the chemical structure of these agents. The environmental impact of auxiliary products has become of major importance and developments during the 1990s have necessitated substantial modification and expansion of the text of this volume. The opportunity has also been taken to highlight novel chemical types of auxiliaries that are under evaluation to overcome or avoid many of the drawbacks shown by traditional products. Thus the two volumes of this Second Edition are now approximately equal in size, whereas in the 1990 edition Volume 2 was only about half as big as its sibling. 

Frossard sees absolutely that Germany will win the war.. . . Frossard offers to put his whole industry into the services of Germany to strengthen the chemical potential for the continuance of the war against England.. .. He says Kuhlmann would be prepared to produce all preliminary auxiliary products for I.G. Farben which would be desired from the German side. He, Frossard, wants a confidential collaboration [independent of the Reich]. .. a closer connection by marriage in the dyestuff and chemical field. 

Advances were made in developing dyeing methods and auxiliary products (sections 5.8.3 and 12.2) to improve the level-dyeing and coverage properties of sulphonated 1 2 metal-complex dyes, leading to the widespread adoption of the more economical of the monosulphonates in uses where unsulphonated dyes were previously considered essential. Sulphonated 1 2 metal-complex dyes may be divided into two subclasses ... 

Determination of Auxiliary Products. In addition to more conventional petroleum products, petroleum companies today are concerned with miscellaneous organic and inorganic materials either as auxiliary products of their own manufacture or... 

An exception to the rule of simplicity may sometimes be made in the creation of a base designed to duplicate, at a lower price, the effect of the natural flower extract. Such bases, many of which benefit from the results of analysis, are frequently used as auxiliary products to bring a "natural" character to the composition, rather than as part of the basic structure. 

Some of the most successful bases contain quite simple accords of only two or three materials, perhaps dressed up with a number of auxiliary products. The combination of phenoxyethyl isobutyrate and dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, used in many fruity notes, produces an unmistakable character that survives even when used in trace amounts in a finished perfume. Similarly an ambergris base, made from a simple combination of labdanum, olibanum, and vanilla, brings an unmistakable effect. Such bases, which the perfumer may create for him- or herself, are not only valuable building blocks in the creation of a perfume but are a convenient way of introducing trace amounts of materials that in combination make a special contribution to the character of the final composition. 

For the mossy character small amounts of oakmoss or foin absolute work well and bring further naturalness to the composition. Other auxiliary products are civet, vanilla, and aldehyde C14. 

Cryolite is utilized in the manufacture of aluminum, in the processing of aluminum waste (as a flux in the electrochemical removal of magnesium), as a flux in the aluminization of steel and in welding technology, in the manufacture of glass and enamel, as an additive in the manufacture of abrasives and as an auxiliary product in the remelting of light metals. 

Figovsky, O., Karchevsky, V., and Beilin, D. High-Performance Waterborne Protective Coatings Based on Curable Water Dispersion of Chlorine-Sulphonated Polyethylene, Proceedings of the International Paint Auxiliary Products Industry Congress Exhibition BOYA/PAINT 2008, Istanbul, Turkey, 2008,115-125. 

At that time education in pure chemistry had reached a high standard in Germany where since the beginning of last century the technical schools teaching trade methods in order to support the textile industry and their auxiliary productions (lead-chamber sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, the Deacon process, etc.) had affiliated chemical departments that took up Liebig s system of chemistry, and later on conventional physical chemistry and mathematics. In time these schools developed to such a degree that towards the end of last century they were technical schools of university level. The same branches had been introduced in all of the traditional universities. 

Optimization of Ester Waxoil Production and Recovery of Auxiliary Products [35], [105]... 

Paint additives are auxiliary products that are added to coatings, usually in small amounts, to improve particular technical properties of the paints or coating films. Paint additives are named in accordance with their mode of action. 

P I Auxiliary product required for separation <-> not required for separation... 

Additives. Additives are auxiliary products, which are used in very small concentrations but are essential for improving the technological properties of films. They are classified according to their use as follows ... 

Energy used by auxiliary production services and by pumping - 15.6 -15.9 ... 

In a normal atmospheric exposure, a Iresh lead surface will slowly be oxidized into a thin, protective lead oxide, which halts further oxidation of the metal. The rate of formation of lead oxide is determined by the absorption of oxygen and water vapor into the lead. Such factors as industrial and marine pollution, humidity, temperature, and rainfall profoundly affect the aggressiveness of the atmosphere, and most metals suffer accordingly. However, the protective films formed of lead are so effective that corrosion is insignificant in most natural atmospheres. The extent of this protection is demonstrated by the survival of lead roofing and auxiliary products after hundreds of years of atmospheric exposure that may continue for a much longer time if these films are not damaged [2]. 

Research Institute for Organic Auxiliary Products (ICPAO), Medias, Romania FlexEl, LLC, College Park, MD, USA... 

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