Testing primary purposes

She denied previous treatment for syphilis. She could not recall signs or symptoms of primary or secondary syphilis in the past year. She had no previous syphilis serology tests for purposes of comparison. Which of the following would be the best treatment for the patient ... 

Results of the test showed that trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) concentrations in the water declined by more than 90% to below 2 parts per billion (ppb). All of the wells showed significant decreases in contaminants in less than 1 month. In four of the five piezometers (specialized monitoring wells whose primary purpose is the measurement of hydraulic head), TCE and PCE concentrations declined from as high as 10,000 parts per million... 

Thermal initiation of an explosion as well as the temperature of decomposition of propellants are measured by standard test No. 6 developed by the Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Panel on Liquid Propellants (2). The primary purpose of this test is to determine at what temperature an unstable material will undergo rapid exothermic decomposition. If the rate at which the heat is generated is greater than the rate at which it can be dissipated, an explosion will be likely. This test attempts to predict the result of conditions that can exist in the regenerative heating section of a rocket engine as well as at the propellant injector. Both of these sections experience relatively rapid local temperature rises owing to combustion. 

Other test methods can also be used to assess ignitability, together with other properties. Some important ones are the cone calorimeter (ASTM E 1354,71 Figure 21.7, which has the assessment of heat and smoke release as its primary purpose) the OSU calorimeter (ASTM E 906,38 Figure 21.8, which also... 

It is legitimate to declare in advance that the primary purpose of the work is to answer one identified question, and that one specified endpoint and statistical analysis will be used to answer that question. Limitless additional analyses can then be undertaken, so long as any conclusions are recognized as subject to the hazards of multiple testing and cannot be considered definitive. 

The primary purpose of preclinical investigations is usually to focus on potential toxic or other harmful effects and to understanding their causes in ways that will guide safer use in patients. The opportunity to make more basic observations (e.g., of physiological mechanisms or aspects of immune response processes) should always be exploited provided the primary purpose of the studies is not jeopardized. Although it has been uncommon, observations in toxicity testing have sometimes suggested a new therapeutic use for a product. 

Research reactors may have one or both of two functions. First, such reactors are often built simply to test new design concepts for the nuclear reactor. When the test of the design element has been completed, the primary purpose of the reactor has been accomplished. 

The primary purpose of the Sterilamp tube in air-conditioning systems has been to destroy microorganisms (22). Tests on the effect of 1 to 2 p.p.m. by voliune of ozone on E. coli sprayed into an air duct revealed that the organisms were not destroyed. This would confirm the data of Elford and Van den Ende ( ) that ozone is a poor disinfectant of air at low relative humidity. At high relative humidity these authors found that as low as 0.04 p.p.m. by volume destroyed bacteria dispersed in an aerosol. This would also agree with the results reported here, that organisms on surfaces and seeded on Petri plates can be destroyed by minute amounts of ozone. 

The test will show the actual value at which the board first cracks. The primary purpose of a flexural strength specification is to ensure that the board has enough strength to withstand normal handling. The force required to crack the core is probably a more practical measure of board utility than the force required to pull it apart after it is cracked. 

Thus, if quality is established in terms of precision and reproducibility of the results obtained in the studies (i.e. in the respective sets of measurements or experiments), the need to provide for each of the studies a study plan, approved by the head of the laboratory before the experiments or measurements can be started, will not be an important consideration. Certainly, Standard Operating Procedures will have to be observed, and the acknowledged methods will have to be followed, with any deviations to be described and justified. Since it is the quality of the result which counts for the determination of the test facility s quality , and not the way on which it has been obtained, there is no need for a single point of study control in the person of the Study Director. Certainly, a laboratory head will have to be appointed, who has to ensure that the quality of the data obtained in the laboratory remains high, and who has to provide the necessary education and training for the technical personnel in order to enhance and update their technical expertise. If precision and reproducibility are the primary purpose of the test facility s quality concerns, then apparatus, instruments, equipment and computerised systems have to comply to the highest technical standards in terms of validation, maintenance and calibration. 

The primary purpose of a scientist is to question, test, and continue researching no action has any one specific purpose except that of seeking to transcend the unknown into the known. The most a scientist can do is hope to find something which will advance scientific knowledge which in turn will benefit the human race. 

The extracts are quantified. This may be quoted directly as the weight of nonvolatile materials per filter cartridge or per unit weight or per unit of surface area, according to which is most appropriate. Alternatively, extraciables may be quoted in relation to a pharmacopoeia oxidizable substances test. The primary purpose of this test is to monitor water quality, the inference being that the amount of materials extractable from the filter is no worse than the pharmacopoeia standards for water. 

The primary purpose of the test facility is to have equipment capable of creating surrogate waste streams similar to those commonly encountered in industry and destroy them under controlled conditions with adequate instrumentation to quantify parameters that affect the process. Destruction of waste streams is achieved by proper mixing, sufficient temperature, and adequate residence time in the TO. These parameters are often referred to as the three T s of combustion time, temperature, and turbulence. In addition to waste destruction, the effects of the three T s on other parameters such as CO and NO emissions can also be carefully studied in a test facility. A schematic of a horizontal thermal oxidizer is shown in Figure 33.1. 

One area of question that was not part of this study but should be considered is the impact of phosphorus volatilization on the residual oil from the special Noack test. That is, to what extent is the anti-wear and anti-oxidation performance of a ZDDP compromised by phosphorus volatilization This information is obviously of high interest and importance given the primary purpose of ZDDPs in engine oils. 

As an analytical approach to residue analysis, immunoassay methods are not well characterized, and no validation protocols have been established. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, whose primary purpose is validation of analytical methods, established a Task Force on Test Kits and Proprietary Methods (2), which has addressed some of the issues relating to immunoassay methods. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry s Commission on Food Chemistry has established a Working Group on Immunochemical Methods, whose first project is to develop draft guidelines on criteria for evaluation, validation, and quality control for r o-immunoassay methods (10). Similar guidelines for EIAs will also be developed. These documents will assist in development and standardization of requirements for precision for both between-laboratories and within-laboratory andyses, accuracy, and ruggedness, and— for qualitative methods— false positive and false negative rates. 

The primary purpose of a column testing procedure in the context of column packing is to verify the quality of the packed bed. This information can be used to optimize a packing procedure or to verify the quality and reproducibility of an already established packing procedure, llierefore we need a procedure that is sensitive to differences in the packed bed, but insensitive to otW parameters such as extracolumn effects or the chemistry of the packing. the test procedure should provide results fairly quickly. We can therefore write down a few requirements for such a testing procedure ... 

The primary purpose of the new standards was to measure the linearity of calorimeter response over its entire range from 800 to 1200 Btu/SCF. Preliminary tests on three calorimeters show that there may be a bias of+1.5 Btu at the midrange of the calorimeter. That means that when standard B (certified heating value of 813.3 Btu/SCF) or standard C (certified heating value of 1186.1 Btu/SCF) are used to calibrate the calorimeter and the other two standards are used as a test gas, only standard A (certified heating value of 996.6 Btu/SCF) reads high by 1.5 Btu/SCF. This study will continue for other points within the 800-1200 Btu range in order to develop an accurate calibration curve for future use. 

Calihnnion is basic to all measurement systems. Two important definitions of calibration arc (Da set of markings on a scale graduated in the output parameter of a test device, or (2) the act of comparing a measured test value or response to an accepted true, reference. or standard value or object. The primary purpose of calibration is the elimination of bias or systematic deviation of measured values so that they correspond exactly with the true values. Once the bias is known from a calibration experiment, an adjustment of the testing device is made so that the true or accepted reference value is obtained from the test device to some suitable tolerance. Frequently standardization is used as a synonym for calibration. 

Although the primary purpose of this chapter is to discuss mechanical testing and strength of adhesive joints, the reader should be aware that ASTM covers a wide variety of tests to measure other properties. ASTM, for example, includes standard tests to measure the viscosity of uncured adhesives, density of liquid adhesive components, nonvolatile content of adhesives, filler content, extent of water absorption, stress cracking of plastics by liquid adhesives, odor, heat stability of hot-melt adhesives, ash content, and similar properties or features of adhesives. 

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