Basic observations

The basic observation is that a thin plate, such as a microscope cover glass or piece of platinum foil, will support a meniscus whose weight both as measured statically or by detachment is given very accurately by the ideal equation (assuming zero contact angle) ... 

SERS. A phenomenon that certainly involves the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction is that of surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy, or SERS. The basic observation is that for pyridine adsorbed on surface-roughened silver, there is an amazing enhancement of the resonance Raman intensity (see Refs. 124—128). More recent work has involved other adsorbates and colloidal... 

The basics observed in molded products are always the same only the extent of the features varies depending on the process variables, material properties, and cavity contour. That is the inherent hydrodynamic skin-core structure characteristic of all IM products. However, the ratio of skin thickness to core thickness will vary basically with process conditions and material characteristics, flow rate, and melt-mold temperature difference. These inherent features have given rise to an increase in novel commercial products and applications via coinjection, gas-assisted, low pressure, fusible-core, in-mold decorating, etc. 

The reasons are analyzed in detail in Chapter 5. The equation is valid as long as the effective double layer is present at the metal/gas interfaces of the working and reference electrodes. Deviations are basically observed when ion backspillover is not faster than ion desorption or reaction (see also section 11.3). 

Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate 3.1 Basic Observations... 

It had been found that if bacteria are stained with acridine orange and examined under fluorescent microscopy, viable, as dishnct from dead, cells fluoresce with an orange-led hue. This basic observation has been adapted to an ingenious method of determining bacterial content and may be completed within 1 hour. 

We shall now describe the chemistry of those inorganic complexes which are known to have anti-tumour activity in an effort to outline the permutations which such molecules permit and to indicate possible functional modes. We start from the basic observation of Rosenberg (1).Cis [PtCl2 (NH8)d is a very effective anti-tumour drug. Compounds related to it such as trans [PtCl2(NH3)2] are ineffective. Out of a wide range of transition metal complexes tested few have proved to be effective. The successful compounds have certain common features which can be used to circumscribe some of the factors which are probably required for such a drug. 

Smith, P.K. Kontak, D.J. 1987. Meguma gold studies some basic observations. Mines and Minerals Branch Report of Activities for 1987, Part A., Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy, Report 87-5, 69-72. 

The bromination of these complexes was considerably more complicated than the brominations described above, the basic observations being ... 

From these simple, basic observations, Maturana and Varela (often referred to as the Santiago school) arrived at a characterization of living systems based on the autopoietic unit. An autopoietic unit is a system that is capable of sustaining itself due to an inner network of reactions that regenerate the system s components (Varela etal., 1974 Maturana and Varela, 1980 Luisi, 1997 Maturana and Varela, 1998 Varela, 2000 Luisa et al, 1996). 

An illustration of this effect may be the brominating action of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). In weakly polar solvents, NBS tends to generate Br atoms while in polar solvents, Br+ tends to be formed (March, 1968). While it is now considered that NBS itself is not the primary source of Br atoms (Walling et al., 1963 Russell and Desmond, 1963 R. E. Pearson and Martin, 1963 Skell et al., 1963) the basic observation, that the dependence of... 

In 1961 Heck and Breslow presented a multistep reaction pathway to interpret basic observations in the cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation.28 Later modifications and refinements aimed at including alternative routes and interpreting side reactions.6 Although not all the fine details of hydroformylation are equally well understood, the Heck-Breslow mechanism is still the generally accepted basic mechanism of hydroformylation.6,17,19,29 Whereas differences in mechanisms using different metal catalysts do exist,30 all basic steps are essentially the same in the phosphine-modified cobalt- and rhodium-catalyzed transformations as well. 

In the 1890s Konovalov observed166 that alkanes undergo nitration in the liquid phase by dilute nitric acid (specific gravity 1.075) in a sealed tube (120-130°C). Other Russian chemists made additional important basic observations of the reaction.162 167 168... 

Finally, it will be shown (Section 11.8) that the basic observation (5.77a) is already a consequence of inductive laws that were previously incorporated in the Gibbsian formalism. Thus, even the Nemst heat theorem and Fowler-Guggenheim unattainability statement (although meaningful and valid) are essentially superfluous, bringing no new content to the thermodynamic formalism. We therefore conclude that all formulations of the third law fail one or more of the above criteria, and thus play no useful thermodynamic role as addenda to the Gibbsian formalism. 

The reader should be cautioned that understanding the fission process represents a very difficult problem. Some of the best minds in chemistry and physics have worked on the problem since the discovery of fission. Yet, while we understand many aspects of the fission process, there is no overall theoretical framework that gives a satisfactory account of the basic observations. 

Figure 4. Trends with impact parameter for the asymptotic values of basic observables for a collision of an Ar8+ projectile on a Nazto cluster at two projectile velocities, as indicated. The upper panel shows the excitation energy, the middle panel the number of escaping electrons and the lower panel dispalys ionization probabilities in the case of v = vp velocity. All quantities are plotted as a. function of impact parameters. Ionic background is treated in the sort jellium approximation.

Just like the adiabatic framework, expressed in terms of equation (4), the diabatic one which avoids the NACTs altogether follows from the same basic observation, namely, that molecular systems contain fast and slow moving particles. However, instead of applying an electronic basis set which varies with the nuclear coordinates one may employ a single basis set as calculated at one point in configuration space. Following this idea it can be shown that the relevant SE is [19] ... 

The eleventh chapter is an outline of a general theory of Coxeter schemes. It turns out that most of the basic observations on Coxeter schemes are natural generalizations of the corresponding ones in the theory of Coxeter groups. In fact, the treatment of so-called parabolic subgroups can be taken over almost word-by-word to parabolic subsets. This close relationship between Coxeter schemes and Coxeter groups has a firm mathematical basis, and it leads us to a general question in scheme theory which we had postponed earlier and would like to briefly address here. 

There are two basic observations with respect to the role of ABA in water stress ... 

The discussion of the amplitude maps will be limited to the most basic observations. The first concerns the larger amplitude (brighter) in the iV-poled state (except for the bottom right... 

Fig.2.7 shows the basic observables as derived from a Chandra observation of the regular cluster A478 (Sun et al. 2003). From the basic observations, the three dimensional gas temperature, gas density, and gas pressure distributions can be derived. In addition, as already mentioned, with sufficiently long observations, the heavy element abundance distributions can be measured by studies of the energy spectrum (e.g., see Fig.2.2). 

CO does not probe the presence of the strong basicity observed on La203. 

The previous basic observations have suggested to adopt a closure that allows us to interpolate continuously between two existing theories. In this framework, the famous HNC-SMSA(HMSA) closure [22] has been proposed for the Lennard-Jones fluid. It interpolates between HNC and SMSA. The HMSA has strong theoretical basis since it can be derived from Percus functional expansion formalism and its bridge function expresses as a functional of the remormalized indirect correlation function y (r) = y(r) — Pmi,r(/") so that... 

The minimums of mean annual temperatures in regions Rl and R2 were basically observed in the same years as in the entire sea. In Rl, the most pronounced minimums were in 1987 and 1997 in R2, they were in 1987 and 1993. 

There has been a decisive evolution in the treatment of steric effects in heteroaromatic chemistry. The quantitative estimation of the role of steric strain in reactivity was first made mostly with the help of linear free energy relationships. This method remains easy and helpful, but the basic observation is that the description of a substituent by only one parameter, whatever its empirical or geometrical origin, will describe the total bulk of the substituent and not its conformationally dependent shape. A better knowledge of static and dynamic stereochemistry has helped greatly in understanding not only intramolecular but also intermolecular steric effects associated with rates and equilibria. Quantum and molecular mechanics calculations will certainly be used in the future to a greater extent. 

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