Design elements

All crystal analyser spectrometers of the TOSCA type have two design features that improve their resolution. These are the use of time focussing and the Marx principle (also known as energy focussing). Incorporation of these features improves the resolution at high and low energy transfer respectively. 

In Condeep structures three dowels of diameter 2.5 m and length 4 to 5 m below the tip of the steel skirts touch the seafloor first. These dowels are provided in order to prevent the structure from moving laterally when the steel skirts themselves reach the seafloor. When the steel skirts have penetrated 3.5 m into the soil, the concrete skirts come into contact, and after a further 0.5 m penetration the undersides of the concrete domes touch the seafloor. The skirts serve a number of functions in the design  

Transfer of loads through a soft mantle to harder underlying materials 

A voidance of high contact pressure on base slabs 

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Fig. 3. Typical design elements for wet-in (a)a spinning disk deagglomerates powder just prior to wet-in (b) a rotor breaks clumps as they wet-in, andcentrifugal force helps submerge nonbuoyant powders and (c) a disk impeller provides a rapidly refreshedHquid surface. In (a) and (c), the system may...

Fig. 4. Typical design elements foi wet deagglomeiation in low viscosity systems (a) a high, ipm lotoi (shown below its normal position within stator) produces turbulence and cavitation as blades pass each other (b) a rotating disk creates a deep vortex to rapidly refresh the surface, and up- and downtumed teeth at the edge cause impact, turbulence, and sometimes cavitation and (c) the clearance of a high rpm rotor can be reduced as the batch...

These nine rules of thumb represent tlie basic design elements of a pollution control system. Tlie engineering approach suggests tliat each element be evaluated independently and as part of the whole control system. However, tlie engineering design and evaluation must be an integrated part of the complete pollution control program. 

This highly pressurized fluid also flows around the impeller to a lower pressure zone where, without an adequate seal, the fluid will leak along the drive shaft to the outside of the pump housing. The lower pressure results from a pump design intended to minimize the pressure behind the impeller. Note that this design element is specifically aimed at making drive shaft sealing easier. 

There is some confusion concerning terminology used for drug delivery when control of drug release is discussed. Within this chapter we will use an empirical approach. When a drug-delivery system does not contain any design element (formulation or process attribute) that is included to modify either spatial or... 

A number of design elements must be considered in the construction of FMLs5,29 ... 

The key design elements of (non-spectroscopic) optical chemical sensors and biosensors are ... 

Systematic errors can occur anywhere in the design and implementation process or during the operational life of an SIS device. These errors put the SIS on the path to failure in spite of the design elements incorporated to achieve robust hardware and software systems. Systematic errors are minimized using work processes that address potential human errors in the SIS design and management (e.g., programming errors or hardware specification errors). 

The generic design elements or patterns that are used in the architecture, such as subject-observer, Fred s class, the event-property connectors, or the generic design for spell checking. 

Unfortunately, in some contexts, the word architecture is dropped into a discussion to lend instant credibility to someone s position If it is about architecture, it must be abstract, and surely it cannot be bothered with the difficult questions about what it all means to an implementation. This leaves us with ill-defined terms and diagrams of boxes and lines. As with any model, their value is severely degraded if the underlying terms and notations do not have a clearly defined meaning or if the number and complexity of design elements render them incomprehensible. 

Similarly, an architectural model is built from some number of elements processors, modules, components, objects, class libraries, threads, and so on. A good architecture is based on a small set of design elements and uses them in a regular and consistent manner so that the system substructures are simple and similar. 

User-visible cycles should deliver meaningful functionality to users. Plan deliverables for these cycles in terms of abstract business actions (use cases) for the users based on their prioritization and on dependencies between these actions that are uncovered by system specification. For each use case delivered, track all refining system actions and corresponding internal component interactions, and schedule cycles accordingly. For ary design element (action, effect, attribute, invariant), schedule its development based on the earliest scheduled use case that uses it. 

Electrocardiograms and Cardiovascular Measurements. The availability of excellent GLP-validated telemetry systems has led to recent increases in the number of cardiovasular safety pharmacology studies conducted in primates. In addition, telemetry is now sometimes included as a design element in standard safety studies. Because of the ability to collect large amounts of high quality data over an extended time, total numbers of animals can often be reduced by appropriate application of... 

Fueled by natural gas, the 200-kW fuel cell will be a continuous source of power. The residual heat of almost 700,000 Btu per hour will be used for the shop s domestic hot water system. In case of a power disruption, the fuel cell will automatically supply electricity to the building s non-emergency lights. Combined with other sustainable green design elements, NYC Transit expects to use 36% less energy over the life of the new facility. 

Because there is so little mass bias in the mass analyzer, a discussion of ion transfer optics and collectors is not presented. The ion transfer optics of the magnetic sector mass analyzer, and the collectors used for isotope ratio measurements are critical design elements in all isotope ratio mass spectrometers and recent reviews of these items can be found in Habfast... 

Figure 3. Layout of the design elements (cells), with the aeration cascade on the right-hand-side.

RCM was also employed as a key design element for the synthesis of tricolorin A (106). This novel strategy demonstrated the efficiency of macrocyclizations using the standard ruthenimum catalysis either by the classical Grubbs carbene complex or the recently developed cationic ruthenium aUenylidene complex as the... 

To conclude this section and chapter, we present three sample posters (figures 10.7-10.9) created from text developed in chapter 9 and design elements discussed in this chapter. (See also figure 9.1 in chapter 9 for a fourth sample poster.) Table 10.3 summarizes some of the design elements of these posters. Full-color versions of these posters are available at the Write Like a Chemist Web site. Together, we hope that these four posters stimulate ideas for preparing your own poster. 

Table 10.3 Selected design elements in sample posters. Fonts include Arial (Ar), Book Antiqua (BA), Comic Sans MS (CS), Tahoma (Th), and Times New Roman (TNR). Posters are 36 in. tall X 56 in. wide ( 91 cm X 142 cm). 

Design Element Figure 9.1 Figure 10.7 Figure 10.8 Figure 10.9... 

Klahorst, S. (2001). Design elements Calcium s role. Available from http //www. foodproductdesign.eom/articles/463/463 0101de.html [Accessed March 2007). 

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