Test Measurements

Crowe, C.M., Recursive Identification of Gross Errors in Linear Data Reconciliation, AJChE Journal, 34(4), 1988,541-550. (Global chi square test, measurement test)... 

Phillips, A.G. and D.P. Harrison, Gross Error Detection and Data Reconciliation in Experimental Kinetics, Indushial and Engineeiing Chemistiy Reseaieh, 32, 1993,2530-2536. (Measurement test)... 

The second section of the spreadsheet contains the overall flows, the calculated component flows, and the material balance closure of each. The weighted nonclosure can be calculated using the random error calculated above, and a constraint test can be done with each component constraint if desired. Whether the measurement test is done or not, the nonclosure of the material balance for each component gives an indication of the validity of the overall flows and the compositions. If particiilar components are found to have significant constraint error, discussions with laboratory personnel about sampling and analysis and with instrument personnel about flow-measurement errors can take place before any extensive computations begin. 

There are three principal categories of rec tification tests according to Mah Chemical Process Structures and Infoimation Flows, Butter-worths, Boston, 1989, p. 414). These are the global test, the constraint test (nodal test), and the measurement test. There are variations published in the literature, and the reader is referred to the references for discussion of those. 

Measurement Test This test compares the adjusted measurements to the actual measurements. In so doing, each measurement is tested for gross error. From the reconciliation development,... 

The authors test two methods coupled with the measurement test. In one, they sequentially eliminate measurements and rearrange the constraints to isolate the specific measurements that contain gross errors. In the other, streams are added back as the search continues. 

Recommendation When all measurements were recorded by hand, operators and engineers could use their judgment concerning their validity. Now with most acqmred automatically in enormous numbers, the measurements need to be examined automatically. The goal continues to be to detect correctly the presence or absence of gross errors and isolate which measurements contain those errors. Each of the tests has limitations. The hterature indicates that the measurement test or a composite test where measurements are sequentially added to the measurement set are the most powerful, but their success is limited. If automatic analysis is required, the composite measurement test is the most direct to isolation-specific measurements with gross error. 

Information that can be proven true, based on facts obtained through observation, measurement, test, or other means (ISO 8402). 

NOTE Pure condensate, for all practical purposes, does not conduct electricity (very pure condensate has an electrical conductivity of perhaps 0.1 to 0.05 pS/cm), and any impurities in the steam are reflected in an increase in conductivity. For the highest precision conductivity measurement testing, any volatile materials present such as ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (C02) must be removed. Equipment such as a Larson-Lane Analyzer (which condenses the steam and passes it through an acid-regenerated cation resin) is employed to remove NHy while C02 is removed by reboiling. 

The experimental points, which surprisingly enough lie very close to a curve of the type required by the classical theory, show deviations as large as 2% from the best quantum theory curve. Nevertheless it is not easy to reject the straight-forward and well-grounded quantum theory calculations given in this paper possibly the discrepancies can be attributed to errors in the experimental measurements. Further measurements testing this point are needed. 

Since radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, the only way to detect its presence is to sample and analyze an area s air using a conventional radon measurement test. If the test reveals elevated radon levels, the homeowner will have to decide what steps to take to reduce the levels.7 The higher the level of radon present in a home, the more likely an active radon reduction system such as subslab depressurization (SSD)8 may be required. Lower radon levels may require only a passive reduction system, such as simple sealing. 

Fatigue tests with 2D-C/SiC are under preparation and will be performed in early 1993. Tensile tests up to 1200°C in an inert gas atmosphere gave the same results as the room temperature measurements. Tests up to 1600°C are planned. 

Some of the remedial measures tested in this study were not regarded as likely to form part of a long-term control stategy. For example, the installation of a mechanical ventilation system, with a heat recovery unit, would not be used in a dwelling of this type, because of the very high installation cost. Nevertheless, the availability of the dwelling enabled devices to be tested under real housing conditions, rather than in the laboratory. 

Of the various available techniques, the most widely used are based on the Measurement Test (Mah and Tamhane, 1982). These are the Modified Iterative Measurement Test (MIMT) developed by Serth and Heenan (1986) and the Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) method presented by Narasimhan and Mah (1987). The MIMT method uses a serial elimination strategy to detect and identify only biases in measuring instruments. The GLR method allows us to identify multiple gross errors of any type. It uses a serial compensation strategy. 

Test Method (Narasimhan and Mah, 1987), the Modified Iterative Measurement Test (MIMT), and the Simultaneous Estimation of Gross Error Method (SEGE). In order to compare results on the same basis, the level of significance of each method is chosen such that it gives an AVTI, under null hypothesis, equal to 0.1. 

Iordache, C., Mah, R., and Tamhane, A. (1985). Performance studies of the measurement test for detection of gross errors in process data. AIChE J. 31, 1187-1201. 

The simplest solid-state membranes are designed to measure test ions, which are also the mobile ions of the crystal (first-order response) and are usually single-substance crystals (Figure 4.11). Alternatively, the test substance may be involved in one or two chemical reactions on the surface of the electrode which alter the activity of the mobile ion in the membrane (Figures 4.12 and 4.13). Such membranes, which are often mixtures of substances, are said to show second- and third-order responses. While only a limited number of ions can gain access to a particular membrane, a greater number of substances will be able to react at the surface of the membrane. As a result, the selectivity of electrodes showing second- and third-order responses is reduced. 

The strain measurement test set-up consisted of linear array of shat and gage holes, as shown in Fig Ex 15. The holes were drilled in solid rock about 25 ft deep and at a distance from any free face, so that charges detonated at the bottom of the shot... 

The equipment used for inspection and measurement/test equipment is identified by number or serial number (as necessary). 

Respirable Dust—with the objective of providing improvements for protecting miners from exposure to respirable coal mine dust. Study areas have included (a) dust formation fb) dust control, and (c) dust measurement. Tests have included the infusion of water into coal beds for control of respirable dust the use of water-based, high-expansion foaming systems in conjunction with continuous mining machines, to reduce dust at the face the use of roam systems for dust suppression on conveyors and transfer points and the use of prototype dust meters. See also Pneumokonioses. 

There are four general types of fragmentation tests used by US Ord Dept enclosed Chamber or Pit Test. b)Open Pit Test, c)Panel Test, and d)Velociry Measurement Test. The Closed Chamber Test, as conducted at Picatinny Arsenal, is described in detail in Ref 7. The other three tests, as conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground, are described in Ref 6. More information on fragmentation will be given in Vol III, under F Refs l)Stettbacher(1933),50-1 St 218-19 2)L.V.Clark,IEC 25, 1389-90( 1933) 3)A.Majrich F.Sorm,... 

Predictive power is poor, so confine searches to easily preparable materials. Use early screening techniques which work on powders like dielectric constant measurements, the Giebe-Scheibe circuit for piezoelectricity and the Kurtz 36,37) powder measurement test for SHG which was "invented" as a result of our pleas for help in finding materials. 

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