Testes tumors

Humphrey and Seal9 (U.S.A.) reported in 1959 detailed experiments on the ECT of sarcoma-180 tumors in nearly 500 mice. In a typical experiment, 18 test animals and 18 control animals were used the ECT was done with 3 ma current, at 6 V for 3 hours a day, for 24 days. They observed that after such a lengthy treatment, the mean volume of test tumors was about 15% of the mean tumor volume of the control group seven mice showed complete tumor regression as a result of ECT. Total regression means that the tumor has decreased progressively in volume, hardened, dropped off, leaving a new skin surface at the former tumor site. 

A review of Pelargonium sidoides indicated that a full set of toxicity studies had been completed, including acute short-term toxicity studies in rats, 2-week dose finding and 13-week toxicity studies in dogs, the Ames test for mutagenicity, the chromosomal aberration test, the mouse micronucleus test, tumor promotion studies, immuno-toxicity studies, and reproductive toxicology studies. The review reported that all studies yielded unremarkable results. Information on products and doses used were not reported in the review (Conrad et al. 2007). 

DNA in intratumoral injections. Intramuscular injections resulted in lower transfertion efficiency for C32 than either PEI or naked DNA. No toxicity was observed with C32 in these injections while PEI displayed considerable toxicity. Researchers went on to show that C32 can deliver a gene encoding diphtheria toxin to the same mouse xenograft prostrate cancer model and observed that 40% of the tested tumors regressed. ... 

This ability to inhibit bacterial cell division prompted their trial as antitumor agents. Both compounds were found to be active against Sarcoma 180 and Leukemia LI210 test tumors in mice with cis-DDP having greater activity than cis-TCP (2,3) ... 

Also, a dose-response relationship needs to be identified for potentially carcinogenic chemicals. This is needed to establish a quantitative relationship between dose and cancer risk. Because different levels of response are associated with different dose levels, a wide range of dose levels is needed for such tests. Tumor formation should also be seen in animals from at least one other dose level. These requirements make the selection of dose intervals critical to the success of the test, as discussed earlier under the Subchronic Studies section. Even though development of cancer might be without a threshold, below a certain dose no measurable... 

A number of polycyclic aromatic amines are carcinogens in animals. 2-Acetylaminfluorene is a teratogen, mutagen, and carcinogen. It is tumori-genic in rats at 2420 mg (TD, oral). Dietary exposure to 2-acetylaminofluorene in rats led to tumors of the liver, bladder, renal pelvis, ear canal, colon, lung, pancreas, and testis. Tumors of the liver, bladder, and kidney have been observed in mice exposed to dietary 2-acetylaminofluorene. Bladder and liver tumors have been observed in other laboratory animals exposed to 2-acetylaminofluorene. 

DESI, in contrast, and despite being a relatively new technique, has already delivered encouraging results in oncological research of lipids in the past few years. In a couple of sample-rich studies, lipid profiles were found to distinguish between diseased and healthy tissues from a variety of different cancers such as human prostate, colorectal, renal cell, bladder, and testis tumors (72-76). Moreover, Eberlin and coworkers reported the use of DESI lipid profiles for the determination of type, grade, and cell concentration in human brain tumors (77,78). DESI has not only been used in an oncological context. It was also used to image the lipid composition of arterial plaques (79). 

Mucopolysaccharide levels are increased in many cancer cells this increase is accompanied by a decreased vascular supply. Hyaluronidase [9001-54-17, obtained from bovine testis, dissolves the mucopolysaccharides surrounding a tumor, thereby allowing cytotoxic agents to penetrate the neoplasm with enhanced faciUty. In clinical studies hyaluronidase was given to patients with malignant tumors, alone or in combination with 5- uorouracil [51-21-8], significant decreases in tumormass were observed (55). 

Cascino, I., Papoff, G., De Maria, R., Testi, R., and Ruberti, G., 1996, Fas/APO-l/CD95 receptor lacking the intracytoplasmic signahng domain protects tumor cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Immunol. 156 13-17. 

This is an unusual drug in that it contains a metal atom, platinum (Pt) in this case. Cisplatin reacts with DNA to cross-link bases, disrupting normal DNA structure and function. This agent has found broad use in cancer chemotherapy, including efficacy in tumors of the testis, ovary, bladder, head and neck, thyroid, cervix, and endometrium. It is also active against neuroblastoma and osteogenic sarcoma. 

In different organs of the rat [128], Ehrlich ascites tumor cells [144], trout testis [127], calf thymus [145], and carp testis [146], H4 is modified mainly as the N -dimethyllysine, while H3 is modified as N -monomethyllysine, N -dimethylly-sine and N -trimethyllysine with the N -dimethyllysine predominating. Pea seedling H4 is not methylated and H3 exits as N -mono- and N -dimethyllysine with N -trimethyllysine not being detectable [147,148]. 

The temporal sequence of H3 and H4 methylation after synthesis has been examined in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells [144] and trout testis [149]. Methylation lagged histone synthesis, and the histone was methylated after being bound to DNA. H4 methylation follows the stepwise acetylations and deacetylations [149]. It was suggested that methylation was involved in final arrangement of H3 and H4 on newly replicated DNA [144] and might be involved in histone interactions with other proteins such as histone kinases [149]. 

Chronic exposure (12 months) of rats and mice to 1000 or 5000 mg/m JP-4 did not cause respiratory tract irritation or pulmonary lesions in rats at the end of the exposure or at 12 months after exposure. An increase of interstitial cell tumors was observed in the testis 12 months after exposure. No effect on the incidence of neoplastic tumors was seen in mice in the same study. A 1-year JP-7 exposure study to rats at 750mg/m produced no toxicologi-cally significant treatment-related neoplastic lesions in mice or rats except for a small increase in incidence of C-cell adenomas and kidney adenomas in male rats. However, these tumors are of the type that are considered to be specific to the male rat and not relevant to humans or other animals. The exposure period in these two studies was 1 year, rather than the typical 2-year lifetime period. This time period... 

WARNING Chemo agent handle w/ caution Uses Hodgkin Dz NHLs, mycosis fungoides, CAs (testis, renal cell, breast, NSCLC), AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, histiocytosis Action X Microtubule assembly Dose 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/wk (4-20 mg/m ) X in hepatic failure Caution [D, ] Contra IT use Disp Inj SE i BM (esp leukopenia), NA, constipation, neurotox, alopecia, rash, myalgia, tumor pain Interactions T Effects W/ erythromycin, itraconazole X effects W/ glutamic acid, tryptophan X effects OF phenytoin EMS T Risk of... 

This was the first report of the successful screening of antibiotics for antitumor activity. Antibiotic research was thus expanded to also cover antitumor research. The term antitumor antibiotics was coined to include those compounds that are produced by microorganisms and inhibit the growth of tumor cells and tumors. Since that time, I have been continuing the study of new antitumor 2Uitlbiotics. Up to now with my collaborators I discovered eibout 65 antitumor antibiotics and elucidated structures of about 50 of them. Among them, bleomycin which we discovered in 1966 (76,79) has been used in the treatment of Hodgkin s lymphoma, tumors of the testis, and carcinomas of the skin, head, neck, and cervix. 

Ifosfamide is active against a broad spectrum of tumors, including germ cell cancers of the testis, lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovary. It is thought to be more active than cyclophosphamide in germ cell cancers and sarcomas. 

Despite its lower chemical reactivity, carboplatin has antitumor activity that is similar to that of cisplatin against ovarian carcinomas, small cell lung cancers, and germ cell cancers of the testis. Most tumors that are resistant to cisplatin are cross-resistant to carboplatin. 

The vasoconstriction, which is caused by cadmium, may underlie the hypertension observed in experimental animals. Cadmium is also carcinogenic in experimental animals, causing tumors at the site of exposure. Also, Leydig cell tumors occur in the testis of animals after acute doses of cadmium sufficient to cause testicular necrosis. This seems to be an indirect effect due to the reduced level of testosterone in the blood, which follows testicular damage. This causes Leydig cell hyperplasia and tumors to occur. 

As many malignant tumors resemble fetal tissue in their biochemical composition, this result is consistent with the observed absence of SGG from immature human testis (15,26). Another tentative interpretation of this finding is that seminoma cells derive from a cell stage prior to that of the primary spermatocyte, thus accounting for their inability to synthesize SGG. 

The mechanism of action of mithramycin (Mithracin) is similar to that of dactinomycin. It is used in patients with advanced disseminated tumors of the testis and for the treatment of hypercalcemia associated with cancer. Mithramycin may cause gastrointestinal injury, bone marrow depression, hepatic and renal damage, and hemorrhagic tendency (see Chapter 62). 

Transfection efficacy of naked DNA can be increased by physical methods such as electroporation and sonication. Electroporation employs electric pulses to punch holes in the cell membrane, usually smaller than 10 nm but larger than oligonucleotides. With the use of electroporation, DNA was delivered into the cytosol of cells by diffusion. Since its introduction in 1982, in vivo transfection has been achieved in skeletal muscle, fiver, skin, tumors, testis, and the kidney. Tsujie et al. (2001) developed a method to target glomeruli using electroporation in vivo wherein injection of plasmid DNA via the renal artery was followed by application of electric fields. The kidney was electroporated by sandwiching the organ... 

Samson, M., Peale, F. V. Jr, Frantz, G., Rioux-Leclercq, N., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., and Ferrara, N. (2004). Human endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor Expression early in development and in Leydig cell tumors suggests roles in normal and pathological testis angiogenesis. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 89, 4078-4088. 

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