Electrical pulses

If a wire is broken, a leakage of the magnetic flow arises. The leakage can be detected by a magneto sensitive sensor, e.g. by a Hall generator, as an electric pulse while a rope moves near the sensor. Of course, the pulses from inner broken wires are less and longer than from outer ones. 

Timing of Electrical Pulses Resulting from Ion Arrivals at the MicroChannel Plate Collector... 

As shown above, when an ion arrives at the microchannel array it releases a cascade of electrons onto the back plate. This cascade constitutes an electrical pulse from the microchannel plate, which... 

This timing is done electronically by using a microchannel array ion collector and time bins. The microchannel array sends an electrical pulse to a time bin. Since a pulse is recorded, the ion arrival times are already digitized, hence the name time-to-digital converter (TDC). 

One drawback of time bins relates to the events they record. If two or more ions arrive at the array detector at the same instant, the resulting electrical pulse is the same as if only one ion had arrived. The bins are blind to multiple concurrent events. 

Intensity measurements are simplified when a detector always gives one electrical pulse for each x-ray quantum absorbed the detector remains linear so long as this is true. For low intensities, when the rates of incidence upon the detector are low, the Geiger counter fulfills this condition. As this rate increases above (about) 500 counts per second, the number of pulses per second decreases progressively below the number of quanta absorbed per second. This decrease occurs even with electronic circuits that can handle higher counting rates without appreciable losses. 

Turbine flow meters are composed of some form of rotary device such as a helical rotor, Pelton wheel or a vane mounted in the flow stream. The fluid passing the rotor causes the rotor to turn at an angular velocity which is proportional to the flow velocity and hence the volumetric flowrate through the meter. The rotary motion of the rotor is sensed by some form of pick-up device that produces an electrical pulse output. The frequency of this signal is proportional to the flowrate and the total count of pulses is proportional to the total volume of liquid passed through the meter. 

A ceramic block such as alumina is generally used because of its chemical inertness and the orifice is bored or drilled to precise dimensions. The block is placed so that two (2) chambers result. Then if a DC voltage is applied across the electrodes, a current will flow onty through the orifice, and an effective resistance arises which depends upon the voltage applied and the size (volume of the conducting solution) of the orifice. Particles are added to one side of the two chambers created by the ceramic block, and the suspension is pumped through to the other side. There will be an electrical pulse as each particle passes through the orifice. 

In the electric organ of fishes, a number of such stacks are connected in parallel and in series. The total voltage attains 500 V in the electric eel. A current pulse of about 0.5 A develops when this voltage appears across an external circuit (in fresh water or seawater). For the electric ray, these numbers are 60 V and 50 A, respectively. The length of such an electric pulse is comparable with the time of cell membrane excitation (i.e., 1 to 2ms, which is quite sufficient to defeat a designated victim). Some species of fish use pulses repeated at certain intervals. 

The next step is to estimate how long a molecule can stay in its vibrational excited state during a single electric pulse. A conventional electronic circuit carmot generate a short pulse like 10 ps, so that the use of electric pulses longer than 100 ps is more... 

This technique will allow compression of a 100-femtosecond pulse down to 12 femtoseconds or even to 8 femtoseconds. (A femtosecond is a millionth of a billionth of a second or 1 x 10-15 s.) Pulse compression can be used to study chemical reactions, particularly intermediate states, at very high speeds. Alternatively, these optical pulses can be converted to electrical pulses to study electrical phenomena. This aspect, of course, is of great interest to people in the electronics industry because of their concern with the operation of high-speed electronic devices. It also is of great interest to people who are trying to understand the motion of biological objects such as bacteria. 

The leucos 7h-o are claimed in electrolytic recording paper using a process coined electrochromic recording which is an irreversible electrooxidation of the leuco dye to regenerate Methylene Blue, not to be confused with reversible electrochromic display. The process consists of passing an electrical pulse through a substrate containing the leuco dye and... 

Bikondoa et al. [16,17] applied electrical pulses (approximately + 3 V) to individual type-A defects to remove them one by one. Although this is almost always successful for Ab defects (an example is shown in Figure 8.3), Ad defects could never be removed in this way. As such, this was used as a way of distinguishing the two types of defects. 

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