Testicular damage

Rats exposed to 500 ppm of bromotrifluoroethylene died following a 4-h exposure. Since the monomer decomposes in air, the level of exposure to it was actually lower. The effects in rats of repeated exposure over a two-week period have been studied. At 50 ppm, the animals lost weight and renal damage was noted although the effect was reversible. Very mild testicular damage was seen at 50 but not 10 ppm. The amount of urinary duotide excreted suggested that extensive metaboHsm was occurring (34). 

Male infertility may result from cancer surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal imbalances, or damage of germinal stem cells. Testicular damage from radiotherapy depends on the treatment field, total dose, and fractionation schedule. Depending on the radiation, sperm counts may return to pretreatment levels in 10 to 24 months after therapy or maybe permanent in 80% of men after total-body irradiation for transplant. 

Cadmium also affects the toxicity of lead. A synergistic effect of these metals was found on prostatic cytology and testicular damage in male rats following intraperitoneal injection (Fahim and Khare 1980). Rats fed lead and cadmium or zinc had a marked reduction of reticulocytosis compared with rats fed lead alone (Thawley et al. 1977). Mice exposed simultaneously to lead and cadmium for 10 weeks had higher mortality rates than mice exposed to either metal alone (Exon et al. 1979). In addition, interactions between cadmium and lead have been reported at the behavioral effects level (Nation et al. 1990). 

Sublethal effects in birds are similar to those in other species and include growth retardation, anemia, renal effects, and testicular damage (Hammons et al. 1978 Di Giulio et al. 1984 Blus et al. 1993). However, harmful damage effects were observed at higher concentrations when compared to aquatic biota. For example, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed 75 mg Cd/kg diet developed bone marrow hypoplasia, anemia, and hypertrophy of both heart ventricles at 6 weeks (Richardson et al. 1974). In zinc-deficient diets, effects were especially pronounced and included all of the signs mentioned plus testicular hypoplasia. A similar pattern was evident in cadmium-stressed quail on an iron-deficient diet. In all tests, 1% ascorbic acid in the diet prevented cadmium-induced effects in Japanese quail (Richardson et al. 1974). In studies with Japanese quail at environmentally relevant concentrations of 10 pg Cd/kg B W daily (for 4 days, administered per os), absorbed cadmium was transported in blood in a form that enhanced deposition in the kidney less than 0.7% of the total administered dose was recovered from liver plus kidneys plus duodenum (Scheuhammer 1988). 

Testicular damage in adults held at 6°C or 21 °C mortality higher in cold-stressed group... 

Dermal application of nickel sulfate hexahydrate causes skin and testicular damage. 

No adverse effects in 40 mg/kg BW group. High dose groups had skin damage (atrophy, acanthosis, hyperkeratinization) and testicular damage (abnormal seminiferous tubules, tubular lumens filled with degenerated sperm)... 

Sublethal effects included testicular damage in rats after drinking water containing 2.2 to 20.0 mg 1080/L for 7 days (0.07 to 0.71 mg/kg BW daily), impaired reproduction in mink fed diets containing 0.8 mg 1080/kg ration for 60 days, and altered blood chemistry in ferrets given diets containing 1.1 mg 1080/kg ration for 28 days. 

Chemically-induced testicular damage can be recognized by changes in sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology (V robek 1984). Reduced fertility, a highly sensitive biomarker, may... 

The major effects observed in animals after exposure to 1,3-DNB are methemoglobin formation and testicular damage at doses that are higher than 1 mg/kg. Both effects are common to other nitroaromatic compounds. The biochemical changes that occur in the blood, primarily methemoglobin formation, lead to oxygen deprivation in the tissues, and then to cyanosis and neurotoxicity. 

These include testicular damage, decreased reproductive function, splenomegaly, and/or spleen atrophy. 

ATSDR has derived two MRL values for 1,3-DNB. An acute-duration oral MRL of 0.08 mg/kg/day was derived for 1,3-DNB based on a NOAEL for testicular damage in male rats administered a single dose of 1,3-DNB by gavage (Linder et al. 1990). 

A variety of reproductive effects including testicular effects, alterations in sexual behavior, and impaired fertility in females have been reported after high doses of chromium(VI) compounds." These effects, reproductive toxicity and testicular damage, were not replicated in a recent series of NTP studies in which mice and rats were exposed to 400 ppm in the diet." "... 

DEHP-induced testicular injury has been reported in a number of studies." Administration of 20,000mg/kg in the diet of rats produced seminiferous tubular degeneration and testicular atrophy within 7 days, 12,500mg/l produced similar effects within 90 days, and 6000 ppm was effective by the end of 2 years of exposure. Testicular damage has been found to be more severe in young rats than in older rats, and damage appears to be reversible if DEHP... 

No signs of liver, kidney, or testicular damage was observed in mice administered 5000ppm 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. Chronic administration of enflurane at 3000ppm for up to 78 weeks did not lead to an increased incidence of neoplasia in Swiss/ICR mice. Similarly, no carcinogenic effect was observed in another study in which treatment started in utero. ... 

Toxieology. Hexafluoroacetone affects the lungs, liver, and kidneys and causes testicular damage and teratogenesis in rats. 

Exposure of rats and beagle dogs to 12 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/weekfor 13 weeks produced severe testicular damage and slight hypoplasia of the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow." In the rats both immature and mature spermatids no longer appeared in the seminiferous tubules no spermatozoa were noted in the epididymal tubules. Normal spermatogenesis was only partly restored at 84 days after exposure. Similar exposure at 0.1 ppm caused no effects. 

Indium arsenide and indium phosphide caused testicular damage in hamsters after repeated intratracheal administration. Both materials decreased reproductive organ weight and caudal sperm count and caused severe histopathologic changes in the testes."... 

Omura M, Yamazaki K, Tanaka A, et ah Changes in the testicular damage caused by indium arsenide and indium phosphide in hamsters two years after intratracheal instillations. 7 Occup Health 42(4) 196-204, 2000... 

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