Renal cells

Clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of tumors these include SCLC, testicular tumors, sarcomas, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, pancreatic tumors and lymphomas. Ifosfamide is less myelosuppressive than cyclophosphamide but is more toxic to the bladder. Therefore it is recommended that ifosfamide is coadministered with the thiol compound mesna to avoid hemorrhagic cystitis and to reduce the risk of developing bladder cancer. Other side effects include neurotoxicity and myelosuppression. 

Agents which enhance the host s response against neoplasias or force them to differentiate are termed biological response modifiers. Examples include interleukin 2 which is used to treat renal cell carcinoma, interferon a which is active against hematologic neoplasias, and tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which is a powerful inducer of differentiation in certain leukemia cells by acting on retinoid receptors. Side effects include influenza like symptoms, changes in blood pressure and edema. 

Other malignancies Metastatic renal cell carcinoma ... 

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis and resists conventional chemotherapy. Immunotherapy with IL-2 and/or IFN-a is currently regarded as the most effective therapy with, however, modest response rates of 15-20%. Similar results are also observed in patients with metastatic melanoma and the response to IFN-a and IL-2 correlates with the occurrence of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T-lymphocytes identified in aspirates from melanoma metastases. Determination of these cells therefore seems to be a method to predict responders prior to the initiation of cytokine therapy. 

S orafenib (Nexavar ) Bayer TKI VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, FTL-3, RAF Unresectable or metastatic renal cell carcinoma... 

IMOxine Agonist Renal cell carcinoma Phase II clinical trials... 

The transceUular movement of sugars involves one additional component a uniport that allows the glucose accumulated within the cell to move across a different surface toward a new equihbrium this occurs in intestinal and renal cells, for example. 

Henschler D, Vamvakas S, Lammert M, et al. 1995. Increased incidence of renal cell tumors in a cohort of cardboard workers exposed to trichloroethene. Arch Toxicol 69 291-299. 

A. R. Tate, P. J. D. Foxall, E. Holmes, D. Molca, M. Spraul, J. K. Nicholson, J. C. Lindon 2000, (Distinction between normal and renal cell carcinoma kidney cortical biopsy samples using pattern recognition of H-l magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra), NMR Biomed. 13, 64-71. 

Neoplasm (e.g., renal cell carcinoma and Wilms tumor)... 

Most kidney transplant procedures are heterotopic, where the kidney is implanted above the pelvic bone and attached to the patient s iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the transplant kidney is attached directly to the recipient s bladder or native ureter. The native kidneys usually are not removed, and data have shown that under most circumstances, removal of the native kidneys does not influence patient survival and allograft survival. Special circumstances, however, such as renal cell carcinoma and PCKD, may necessitate native kidney removal.1,3 There were 16,477 (9914 deceased donors, 6563 living donors) kidney transplants and 903 simultaneous kidney-pancreas procedures done in 2005.3... 

VHL Regulator of protein stability Renal cell cancer... 

Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits both intracellular and extracellular kinases to decrease renal cell cancer proliferation. The half-life of sorafenib is 25 to 48 hours, with a bioavailability of 38% to 49% and a time to peak concentration of 3 hours. Sorafenib is metabolized primarily by the liver by CYP450 3A4. Sorafenib is used for the treatment of renal cell cancer. The primary side effects of sorafenib include rash, hand-foot skin reaction, diarrhea, pruritus, and elevations in serum lipase. 

Radiation therapy generally is considered to be the treatment of choice for most patients. Exceptions to this include patients with prior radiation to the treatment site and patients with inherently radioresistant tumors (e.g., melanoma and renal cell carcinoma). The radiation field should include two vertebral bodies above and below the involved area. 

Zagzag D, Krishnamachary B, Yee H, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-la and CXCR4 expression in hemangioblastoma and clear cell-renal cell carcinoma von Hippel-Lindau loss-of-function induces expression of a ligand and its receptor. Cancer Res 2005 65 6178-6188. 

Mestas J, Burdick MD, Reckamp K, Pantuck A, Figlin RA, Stricter RM. The role of CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand biological axis in renal cell carcinoma. J Immunol 2005 175 5352-5357. 

Proleukin Aldesleukin (interleukin 2) Chiron Renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma... 

Finn GJ, Kenealy E, Creaven BS, Egan DA (2002) In vitro cytotoxic potential and mechanism of action of selected coumarins, using human renal cell lines. Cancer Lett 183 61-68... 

Schaub TP, Kartenbeck J, Konig J, Spring H, Dorsam J, Staehler G et al. Expression of the MRP2 gene-encoded conjugate export pump in human kidney proximal tubules and in renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999 10(6) 1159—1169. 

Gudmundsdottir H, Haraldsdottir F, Baldursdottir A, et al. Protein expression within the human renal cortex and renal cell carcinoma the implication of cold ischemia. Cell Preserv. Technol. 2007 5 85-92. 

Brouwers, A.H., Buijs, W.C.A.M., Oosterwijk, E., Boerman, O.C., Mala, C., De Mulder, P.H.M., Cortens, F.H.M., and Mulders, P.F.A. (2003) Targeting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with the chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 labeled with 131-1 or 111-In An intrapatient comparison. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(Suppl.), 3953s-3960s. 

Hairy cell leukaemia Renal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma Multiple myeloma Chronic myelogenous leukaemia Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma... 

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