Systematic maintenance

The need for building repair arises from the inevitable process of ageing, and such deterioration is brought to light by systematic maintenance. There is also repair work necessitated by damage from observable causes such as physical impact (discussed elsewhere in this chapter). 

Essential to economical lubrication management is that the distribution of lubricants to the various machines and installations must be linked to properly planned systematic maintenance. Indeed, the all-important rule of lubricants economy is that these operations must be correctly organized. 

Operators of Buncefield-type sites should introduce arrangements for the systematic maintenance of records to allow a review of all product movements together with the operation of the overfill prevention systems and any associated facilities. The arrangements should be fit for their design purpose and include, but not be limited to, the following factors ... 

The inspection, maintenance, and repair regulations (found in Part 396) require that the company have a systematic maintenance program to inspect and maintain the vehicles. The details of the program are left to the company to develop. The company is then judged on how its vehicles stand up to roadside inspections, if the carrier is following the preventive maintenance (PM) schedule it has established for itself, and if its maintenance program is completing repairs that are necessary as a result of driver write-ups and roadside inspection violations. 

The annual inspection (referred to in the regulations as the periodic inspection) is a separate requirement from the systematic maintenance requirement found in 396.3. The requirement is found in the regulations at 396.17. This inspection requires a qualified technician to inspect the vehicle against the standards provided in Appendix G of the FMCSA regulations. 

Chemometrics usually applied for the analyses of NIR spectra is described in detail in Chapter 7 and in other literature [4-8]. The most important and essential points remaining in this field seem to be the generalization and the systematic maintenance of calibration... 

For many years the usual procedure in plant design was to identify the hazards, by one of the systematic techniques described later or by waiting until an accident occurred, and then add on protec tive equipment to control future accidents or protect people from their consequences. This protective equipment is often complex and expensive and requires regular testing and maintenance. It often interferes with the smooth operation of the plant and is sometimes bypassed. Gradually the industry came to resize that, whenever possible, one should design user-friendly plants which can withstand human error and equipment failure without serious effects on safety (and output and emciency). When we handle flammable, explosive, toxic, or corrosive materials we can tolerate only very low failure rates, of people and equipment—rates which it may be impossible or impracticable to achieve consistently for long periods of time. 

To be able to systematically identify opportunities for reducing human error, it is useful to ask the question, What is human error One definition is that human error is an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing safety or system performance (Rasmusssen 1979). There is a tendency to view errors as operator errors. However, the error may result from inadequate management, design, or maintenance of the system. This broader view which encompasses the whole system can help provide opportunities for instituting measures to reduce the likelihood of errors. 

Equipment used to process, store, or handle highly hazardous chemicals must be designed constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of release. A systematic, scheduled, test and maintenance program is preferred over "breakdown" maintenance " that could compromise safety. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include 1) identification and categorization of equipment and instrumentation, 2) documentation of manufacturer data on mean time to failure, 3 ) test and inspection frequencies, 4) maintenance procedures, 5) training of maintenance personnel, 6) test criteria, and 7) documentation of test and inspection results. 

Systematic consideration of human error is neglected because of the belief that computerization of processes will make the human unnecessary. Experience shows numerous accidents in computer controlled plants. Human involvement in critical areas of maintenance and plant modification, continues even in the most automated processes. 

Error free operation and maintenance can only occur within an effective management system. At the level of the task itself, this is provided by operating instructions. However, at a more global level, separate tasks have to be organized in a systematic manner, particularly if hazardous operations are involved, and where several individuals need to coordinate to achieve an overall objective. This section illustrates some accidents due to poor organization of work or failure to carry out checks. 

Human error tmalysis (HEA) is a systematic evaluation of the factors tliat influence tlie performance of human operators, maintenance staff, teclmicians, and otlier persomiel in tlie plant. HEA involves the evaluation of one of several types of task analysis, which is a metliod for describing tlie physical and enviromiiental characteristics of a task along witli tlie skills, knowledge, and capabilities required of tliose who perform the task. Tliis type of analysis can identify error-likely situations tliat can cause or lead to an accident. 

The plant engineer and his maintenance manager will establish whoever carries out the work, basic strategy, programming and procedures. Inspection checklists and record sheets are necessary for systematic location of critical elements/potential defects and setting out frequencies of inspection. Computers and work processors are an obvious aid to effective maintenance management. Inspection-based preventive methods are demonstrably cost effective. 

One major prerequisite for the maintenance of health is that there be optimal dietary intake of a number of chemicals the chief of these are vitamins, certain amino acids, certain fatty acids, various minerals, and water. Because much of the subject matter of both biochemistry and nutrition is concerned with the smdy of various aspects of these chemicals, there is a close relationship between these two sciences. Moreover, more emphasis is being placed on systematic attempts to maintain health and forestall disease, ie, on preventive medicine. Thus, nutritional approaches to—for example—the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer are receiving increased emphasis. Understanding nutrition depends to a great extent on a knowledge of biochemistry. 

Babyak, Michael A., James A. Blumenthal, Steve Herman, Parinda Khatri, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Kathleen A. Moore, W. Edward Craighead, Teri T. Baldewicz and K. Ranga Krishnan, Exercise Treatment for Major Depression Maintenance of Therapeutic Benefit at 10 Months , Psychosomatic Medicine 62 (2000) 633-38 Barbui, Corrado, Andrea Cipriani and Irving Kirsch, Is the Paroxetine-Placebo Efficacy Separation Mediated by Adverse Events A Systematic Re-Examination of Randomised Double-Blind Studies , submitted for publication (2009)... 

Systematic cloning strategies based on the conserved motor domain sequences have identified a remarkable number of KRPs expressed in brain. Members of several KRP families expressed in brain have been implicated in forms of MBO transport. Kinesin-2 family members have been implicated in assembly and maintenance of cilia and... 

An H RA involves a review of the process design and its control, operation, and maintenance practices. The review is conducted by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in the design and operation of the process unit. The team uses a systematic screening process to determine how deviations from normal operation lead to process hazards. The H RA identifies areas where the process risk is too high, requiring the implementation of safety functions. The team s objective is to reduce the risk to below the owner/operator s risk criteria. 

If your answer to Question 2 is clearly YES, then start at Section 3.2 of this chapter. If your answer is a definite NO, then proceed to Question 3. If you are uncertain whether mixing or combining of different substances takes place or will take place at your facility, you need to determine a definite answer to this question before you go further. This may involve systematically reviewing your facility s operations and procedures, talking with operations and maintenance personnel, and discussing with management what future activities can be anticipated. 

Despite the widespread use of neuroleptics in maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, there have not been any systematic studies of their suitability for this role. Through clinical experience it has been widely accepted that neuroleptics are useful adjunctive treatments to lithium and related drugs. Treatment refractory patients frequently respond to atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine or risperidone. Such adverse effects as EPS, cognitive dysfunction and weight gain frequently limit the long-term use of classical neuroleptics. For this reason, the atypical neuroleptics such as olanzapine and risperidone should now be considered as alternatives for maintenance treatment. 

Maintenance - Systematic evaluation of Zyban 300 mg/day for maintenance therapy demonstrated that treatment for up to 6 months was efficacious. Whether to continue treatment with Zyban for periods longer than 12 weeks for smoking cessation must be determined for individual patients. 

Constructability VIP The constructability VIP is the systematic implementation of the latest engineering, procurement and construction concepts and lessons learned, which are consistent with the facility s operations and maintenance requirements. The goal is to enhance construction safety, scope, cost, schedule, and quality. 

Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M, Kirchmayer U, Verster A. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006. Moore THM, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TRE, Jones PB, Burke M et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes a systematic review. Lancet 2007 370 319-28. 

Chiba N. Proton pump inhibitors in acute healing and maintenance of erosive or worse esophagitis a systematic overview. Can J Gastroenterol 1997 11 Suppl B 66-73B. 

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