Cognitive dysfunction

Although the evidence base for this relatively rare disorder is not well developed, patients who are dependent on GHB appear to benefit from cognitive and motivational psychosocial therapies and from support of recovery in a manner similar to alcohol-dependent patients. However, because of the high likelihood of amnesia and cognitive dysfunction during the acute and subacute phases of GHB withdrawal, psychosocial interventions should, when possible, include significant others who can review and reinforce with the patient the negative consequences of GHB dependence. 

Phosphatidylcholine, commonly known as lecithin, is the most commonly occurring in natnre and consists of two fatty add moieties in each molecule. Phosphati-dylethanolamine, also known as cephahn, consists of an amine gronp that can be methylated to form other compounds. This is also one of the abundant phospholipids of animal, plant, and microbial origin. Phosphatidylserine, which has weakly acidic properties and is found in the brain tissues of mammals, is found in small amounts in microorganisms. Recent health claims indicate that phosphatidylserine can be used as a brain food for early Alzheimer s disease patients and for patients with cognitive dysfunctions. Lysophospholipids consist of only one fatty acid moiety attached either to sn-1 or sn-2 position in each molecule, and some of them are quite soluble in water. Lysophosphatidylchohne, lysophosphatidylserine, and lysophos-phatidylethanolamine are found in animal tissues in trace amounts, and they are mainly hydrolytic products of phospholipids. 

Lennox-Gostaut syndrome (LGS) Patients with this syndrome have cognitive dysfunction and mental retardation. Their seizures usually consist of a combination of tonic-clonic, absence, atonic, and myoclonic seizures. 

Strupp BJ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY The efficacy of dimercaptosuccinic acid National Institute of (DMSA) in alleviating Pb-induced Environmental Health cognitive dysfunction Sciences ... 

Cognitive dysfunction Decreased concentration ability negative ruminations, feelings of worthlessness and guilt. 

Omstein TJ, Iddon JL, Baldacchino AM, Sahakian BJ, London M, Everitt BJ and Robbins TW (2000). Profiles of cognitive dysfunction in chronic amphetamine and heroin abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 113-126. 

Roche for their inhibitor RG1678. This trial provides compelling evidence that GlyT-1 inhibitors show promise as a novel class of antipsychotics that are effective at ameliorating the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia. 

Backman, C., Rose, G.M., Hoffcr, B.J., Henry, M.A., Bartus, R.T., Friden, P., and Granholm, A.-C. (1996) Systemic administration of a nerve growth factor conjugate reverses age-related cognitive dysfunction and prevents cholinergic neuron atrophy./. Neurosci. 16, 5437. 

People of any age who have any condition that may compromise respiratory function or increase the risk of aspiration (e.g., cognitive dysfunction, spinal cord injuries, or epilepsy). 

Cognitive dysfunction is another symptom category that includes impaired attention, working memory, and executive function. 

Many patients discontinue oxybutynin IR because of adverse effects due to antimuscarinic effects (e.g., dry mouth, constipation, vision impairment, confusion, cognitive dysfunction, and tachycardia), a-adrenergic inhibition (e.g., orthostatic hypotension), and histamine 111 inhibition (e.g., sedation, and weight gain). 

Orthostatic hypotension Cognitive dysfunction Impaired eye sight... 

Alzheimer disease, which involves memory loss and other forms of cognitive dysfunction, is two to three times more common in women than in men after the age of 65 (Sherwin, 1996). In addition, women who have used estrogen during the postmenopausal women are less likely to develop Alzheimer disease. The amount and duration of estrogen... 

Thus, it is clear that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as ondansetron have effects in animal models of human psychiatric disease states such as anxiety, psychoses, drug dependence and cognitive dysfunction. 

Despite the widespread use of neuroleptics in maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, there have not been any systematic studies of their suitability for this role. Through clinical experience it has been widely accepted that neuroleptics are useful adjunctive treatments to lithium and related drugs. Treatment refractory patients frequently respond to atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine or risperidone. Such adverse effects as EPS, cognitive dysfunction and weight gain frequently limit the long-term use of classical neuroleptics. For this reason, the atypical neuroleptics such as olanzapine and risperidone should now be considered as alternatives for maintenance treatment. 

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common neurodegenerative dementia, which mainly occurs in late life (McKeith et al., 1996). The main clinical symptoms include visual hallucinations, parkinsonism and disturbances of consciousness, in the context of a global cognitive dysfunction with prominent... 

The deficit of cortico-striatal innervation that is presumably responsible for reported losses of striatal glutamate uptake sites (Aparicio-Legarza et al., 1997 Simpson et al., 1992), is likely to contribute to the cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia. These have been described as having similarities to the subcortical dementia (Pantelis et al., 1992) seen in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders disturbances of corticostriatal function are thought to underlie this pattern of cognitive deficits that include disturbances of attention, executive function and short-term memory. 

Striatum fGlutamate uptake sites kcortico-striatal innervation Cognitive dysfunction... 

Meaney, M.J., Aitken, D.H., Bhatnagar, S., and Sapolsky, R.M. (1991) Postnatal handling attenuates certain neuroendocrine, anatomical, and cognitive dysfunctions associated with aging in female rats. Neurobiol Aging 12 31-38. 

Glutamate was initially implicated in schizophrenia by studies of the behavioral effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (e.g., PCP, ketamine), which produce psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in healthy subjects and exacerbate psychotic, negative, and cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Studies show that acute administration of NMDA antagonists causes NMDA receptor dysfunction, resulting in decreased inhibition of subcortical dopamine neurons and consequent increased mesolimbic dopamine release. Chronic administration produces decreased release, or hypoactivity, of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (Davis and Lieberman, 2000). 

---