Surfactant applications Industrial

The unique surface characteristics of polysiloxanes mean that they are extensively used as surfactants. Silicone surfactants have been thoroughly studied and described in numerous articles. For an extensive, in-depth discussion of this subject, a recent chapter by Hill,476 and his introductory chapter in the monograph he later edited,477 are excellent references. In the latter monograph, many aspects of silicone surfactants are described in 12 chapters. In the introduction, Hill discusses the chemistry of silicone surfactants, surface activity, aggregation behavior of silicone surfactants in various media, and their key applications in polyurethane foam manufacture, in textile and fiber industry, in personal care, and in paint and coating industries. All this information (with 200 cited references) provides a broad background for the discussion of more specific issues covered in other chapters. Thus, surfactants based on silicone polyether co-polymers are surveyed.478 Novel siloxane surfactant structures,479 surface activity and aggregation phenomena,480 silicone surfactants application in the formation of polyurethane foam,481 foam control and... 

Floyd, D. T. Silicone Surfactants Applications in the Personal Care Industry. In Silicone Surfactants Hill, R. M., Ed. Surfactant Science... 

Since that time an enormous number of surfactants covering a wide range of chemical and physicochemical properties have been developed for quite universal as well as specific tasks in domestic and industrial applications. The criteria for selection of a surfactant for industrial production is directly connected with the feasibility of large-scale production. This is determined by several factors including availability and costs of raw materials, cost of manufacture, and performance of the finished products. In addition to these aspects, environmental considerations likewise play an increasingly important role. 

Nonionic Surfactant-HLB 13 Add with mixing SpG 20/20F 1.03 pH 12.95 Recommended Dilutions 10-20 1 Applications Industrial Formula LV-102 2.00... 

Nonionic Surface-Active Agents. Approximately 14% of the ethylene oxide consumed in the United States is used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants. These are derived by addition of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohols, alkylphenols (qv), tall oil, alkyl mercaptans, and various polyols such as polypropylene glycol), sorbitol, mannitol, and cellulose. They are used in household detergent formulations, industrial surfactant applications, in emulsion polymerization, textiles, paper manufacturing and recycling, and for many other applications (281). 

This is the most widely used class of surfactants in industrial application, due to their relatively low cost of manu-... 

Floyd, D.T. (1999) Silicone surfactants applications in the personal care industry. Surfactant Sci. Ser., 86, 181-207. 

The Chemithon Corporation has patented a novel venture reactor.34,35 The organic to be sul-fonated is injected into a stream of gas containing S03 at a venture. The reaction mixture is quenched and recycled downstream until sulfonation is complete. The reactor design can be used for highly viscous, high molecular weight specialty surfactants for industrial applications such as lubrication oil additives. 

STEROX NJ surfactant is one of the most versatile nonionic surfactants known. It is used in almost every type of industrial surfactant application because it is a powerful detergent, emulsifier and processing aid. This surfactant performs best at temperatures below 51C (124F). 

The description of properties and applications of various surfactants in industry, agriculture, medicine, etc, as well as information on the synthesis and manufacturing of surfactants can be found in the literature [22-25]. 

Chem., Vol. 59, Royal Soc. Chem., London 1987 b) D.R. Karsa (Ed.), Industrial Applications of Surfactants II, Spec. Publ. Royal Soc. Chem., Vol. 77, Royal Soc. Chem., London, 1990 c) D.R. Karsa (Ed.), Industrial Applications of Surfactants III, Spec. Publ. Royal Soc. Chem., Vol. 107, Royal Soc. Chem., London, 1993 d) D.R. Karsa, J.M. Goode and P.J. Donnely (Eds.), Surfactants Applications Directory, Blackie Son, Glasgow, 1991. 

G.L. F. Schmidt, Specific properties of silicone surfactants, in Industrial Applications of... 

The cmc values are important in virtually all of the process industry surfactant applications from mineral processing to formulation of personal care products... 

Mashiko, A. B. E., Microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery Middle-phase microemulsion formation with some typical anionic surfactants, in Industrial Applications of Microemulsions, Solans, C. and Kunieda, H. (Eds), Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 66, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997, pp. 279-303. 

For many of the applications noted in Table 3.2, the desired properties will vary significantly. For that reason, such characteristics as solubility, surface tension reducing capability, critical micelle concentration (cmc), detergency power, wetting control, and foaming capacity may make a given surfactant perform well in some applications and less well in others. The universal surfactant that meets all of the varied needs of surfactant applications has yet to emerge from the industrial or academic laboratory. 

Hill RM (Ed.), Silicone Surfactants Applications in Personal Care Industry, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 89, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999. 

James, A. D., P. H. Ogden and J. M. Wales, Cationic Surfactants in Industrial Applications of Surfactants. Special Publication 59, D. R. Karsa (ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry London, 1987, pp. 250-268. 

Table 1. Some Examples of Surfactant Applications in the Petroleum Industry...

Cmc values are important in virtually all of the petroleum industry surfactant applications. For example, a number of improved or enhanced oil recovery processes involve the use of surfactants including micellar, alkali/surfactant/polymer (A/S/P) and gas (hydrocarbon, N2, CO2 or steam) flooding. In these processes, surfactant must usually be present at a concentration higher than the cmc because the greatest effect of the surfactant, whether in interfacial tension lowering [30] or in promoting foam stability [3J], is achieved when a significant concentration of micelles is present. The cmc is also of interest because at concentrations... 

In the 200 years since Thomas Graham founded the discipline of colloid science, a vast number of terms have come to be associated with colloid and interface science and, in particular, with the sub-discipline of surfactant science. In addition to the fundamental science, there is a great diversity of occurrences and properties of surfactants in industry and in everyday life. This chapter provides brief explanations for the most important terms that may be encountered in a stndy of the fundamental principles, experimental investigations, and petrolenm industry-related applications of surfactant science. Specific literature eitations are given when the sources for further information are partieularly useful or unique. For terms drawn from fundamental colloid and interface seienee, much reliance was placed on the recommendations of the lUPAC Commission on Colloid and Surface Chemistry [I], For more comprehensive dictionaries and glossaries of terms in colloid and interface science, see references [2-7]. 

The primary focus is on applications of the principles of colloid and interface science to surfactant applications in the petroleum industry, and includes attention to practical processes and problems. Applications of surfactants in the petroleum industry are of great practical importance and are also quite diverse, since surfactants may be applied to advantage throughout the petroleum production process in reservoirs, in oil and gas wells, in surface processing operations, and in environmental, health and safety applications. In each case appropriate knowledge and practices determine the economic and technicd successes of the industrial process concerned. The book includes a comprehensive glossary, indexed and fully cross-referenced. 

IV. PROTEIN-BASED SURFACTANT APPLICATIONS IN THE DETERGENT AND RELATED INDUSTRIES... 

The history of surfactant applications in personal care products can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians. Soap was the only available surfactant in those early centuries. It was not until the Second World War that synthetic surfactants were developed and formulated into daily personal care products. Diversification and expansion of synthetic surfactants based on the technological and economical advances of the oleochemical and petrochemical industries made surfactants indispensable for daily life in industrialized countries such as the United States, western Europe, and Japan, and the same trends are expanding throughout the world. We now face a controversial problem cleansing ability as the primary function of surfactants versus gentleness to humans and environmental impact. 

Rohm Haas was the first to market an octyl/decyl polyglycoside in commercial quantities in the late seventies, followed by BASF and later SEPPIC. However, owing to the more hydrotropic character of this short-chain version as a surfactant, applications were limited to few market segments—for example, the industrial and institutional sectors. 

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