Pharmaceutical industry surfactant applications

USE Sodium salt as pharmaceutic aid (surfactant) as wetting agent in industrial, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food applications dispersing and solubilizing agent in foods adjuvant in tablet formation. 

USE Used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, antistats, solubilizers, defoamers, detergents, lubricants in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industrial applications. Laureth 9 as spenmaticide pharmaceutic aid (surfactant). 

USE As antistats, emulsifiers, defoamers, wetting agents, solubilizers, conditioning agents, lubricants, detergents. Have wide range of cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other industrial applications. Polyoxyl 8 and 40 stearates as pharmaceutic aids (surfactant). 

The wide range of applications and increasing interests on the studies of nonionic surfactant reverse micelles or W/O microemulsions has shown their significance in colloid and polymer sciences. Due to biocompatibilily and biodegradability of the glycerol-based nonionic surfactants, studies on the self-assemblies of these surfactants in polar and nonpolar solvents offer various practical applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. 

The most recent patent references to amphoteric surfactants for the pharmaceutical industry involve the development of new diagnostic test methods. These include immunochemical assays and improved genetic diagnostic methods. In these applications, the selective use of amphoteric surfactants has been shown to enhance the sensitivity of detection (117-119). 

Palmitic acid is a major constituent of many naturally derived oils and extracts with applications in, amongst others, the eosmetie, pharmaceutical and surfactant industries. Palmitic acid is a linear saturated earboxylie acid with 16 carbon atoms, hence its lUPAC name, hexadeeanoic acid. 

Mixtures of proteins and surfactants are often used in many technological applications, including food and pharmaceutical industries, cosmetics, coating processes, and so on. In many of these applications protein-surfactant mixtures are used in the manufacture of the various dispersions. These dispersions contain two or more immiscible phases (aqueous, oil and/or gas phases) in the form of foams and emulsions. Dispersions are inherently unstable systems because of their large interfacial area [5]. 

Concepts of controlled, or slow, release are now well established in the pharmaceutical industry, but they are not yet practiced widely in the personal care field where, in principle, they should be equally applicable. Ingredients such as flavors, colorants, perfumes, biologically active ingredients, and so on are potential candidates for controlled release. While the literature on such systems is extremely limited, it is appropriate to cite one or two references from the pharmaceutical field to illustrate possibilities. In particular, one can cite the work of Alii et al. (42), who employed a combination of rheological and other methods, including DSC, to study the relevant polymer/surfactant release systems. 

Like ELSD, CAD has been applied for the analysis of nonvolatile neutral, acidic, basic, and zwitterionic compounds, both polar and nonpolar. Compound classes include amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, steroids, surfactants, and other compounds with weak or no chromophores used in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and consumer products industries. Some applications involving ionic and polar species are described below. 

Microemulsions are microheterogeneous, thermodynamically stable, spontaneously formed mixtures of oil and water under certain conditions by means of surfactants, with or without the aid of a cosurfactant. The first paper on microemulsions appeared in 1943 by Hoar et al but it was Schulman and coworkers who first proposed the word microemulsion in 1959. Since then, the term microemulsions has been used to describe multicomponent systems comprising nonpolar, aqueous, surfactant, and cosurfactant components. The application areas of microemulsions have increased dramatically during the past decades. For example, the major industrial areas are fabricating nanoparticles, oil recovery, pollution control, and food and pharmaceutical industries. This book is a comprehensive reference that provides a complete and systematic assessment of all topics affecting microemulsion performance, discussing the fundamental characteristics, theories, and applications of these dispersions that have been developed over the last decade. 

Alkylene oxides are interesting molecules that are used in a wide variety of ways. They are used in monomeric form as reactive intermediates to prepare low-molecular-weight chemicals that find application as solvents, pharmaceuticals, and surfactants. Ethylene oxide, for example, is used as a sterilant and as an intermediate. The utility of alkylene oxides and their polymers is far-reaching and includes the automotive, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, metal-working, mining, industrial coating, textile, construction, home furnishings, and other industries. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

Major applications of modern TLC comprise various sample types biomedical, pharmaceutical, forensic, clinical, biological, environmental and industrial (product uniformity, impurity determination, surfactants, synthetic dyes) the technique is also frequently used in food science (some 10% of published papers) [446], Although polymer/additive analysis takes up a small share, it is apparent from deformulation schemes presented in Chapter 2 that (HP)TLC plays an appreciable role in industrial problem solving even though this is not reflected in a flood of scientific papers. TLC is not only useful for polymer additive extracts but in particular for direct separations based on dissolutions. 

The current or potential industrial applications of microemulsions indude metal working, catalysis, advanced ceramics processing, production of nanostructured materials (see Nanotechnology), dyeing, agrochemicals, cosmetics, foods, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology (9,12—18). Environmental and human-safety aspects of surfactants have begun to receive considerable attention (19—21). 

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