Aggregation behavior

J. R. Ganc and R. Nagarajan, Aggregation Behavior of Common Motor Oil Additives, in International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 1991. 

Wanka G, Floffman FI and Ulbrict W 1990 The aggregation behavior of poly-(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene)-poly-(oxyethylene)-block copolymers in aqueous solutions Colloid Polym. Sc/. 268 101-17... 

R. Zana, C. Weill. Effect of temperature on the aggregation behavior of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solutions. J Physique Lett 46 L953-L960, 1985. 

Table 3 Techniques Used to Characterize the Aggregation Behavior of Poloxamers...

Adaptive Dynamics Its anticipation of future states and possibilities, based on internal models (which are often incomplete and/or incorrect), often significantly alters the aggregate behavior of the system of which an agent is part. 

Any system whose top-level behavior is a consequence of the aggregate behavior of lower-level entities - biological systems, neural systems, social systems, economic systems, among many others - can, in principle, be simulated by an agent-based model. 

Another drawback to using Shannon information as a measure of complexity is the fact that it is based on an ensemble of all possible states of a system and therefore cannot describe the information content of a single state. Shannon information thus resembles traditional statistical mechanics - which describes the average or aggregate behavior of, say, a gas, rather than the motion of its constituent molecules - more so than it docs a complexity theory that must address the complexity of individual objects. 

Wanka, G Hoffman, H Ulbricht, W, Phase Diagrams and Aggregation Behavior of Poly (oxyethylene)-Poly(oxypropylene)-Poly(exyethylene) Triblock copolymers in Aqueous Solutions, Macromolecules 27, 4145, 1994. 

Disperse systems can also be classified on the basis of their aggregation behavior as molecular or micellar (association) systems. Molecular dispersions are composed of single macromolecules distributed uniformly within the medium, e.g., protein and polymer solutions. In micellar systems, the units of the dispersed phase consist of several molecules, which arrange themselves to form aggregates, such as surfactant micelles in aqueous solutions. 

The copper(I) complexes [Cu(L)] (786) [L as in Cu11 complex (426)], and (787) (L as in Cu11 complex (427)], were also structurally characterized.365 From the standpoint of aggregation behavior of copper(I) thiolates579 through substituent size and ancillary chelate ligands, Kaim... 

Foss BJ, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Nalum Naess S, Elgsaeter A, Mel0 TB, and Naqvi KR. 2005a. Hydrophilic carotenoids Surface properties and aggregation behavior of a highly unsaturated carotenoid lysophos-pholipid. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 134(2) 85-96. 

Zsila F, Fitos I, Bikadi Z, Simonyi M, Jackson HL, and Lockwood SF. 2004. In vitro plasma protein binding and aqueous aggregation behavior of astaxanthin dilysinate tetrahydrochloride. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters 14(21) 5357-5366. 

This chapter draws a comprehensive picture of what has been done in the field of dendrimers with polymeric cores putting emphasis first on synthetic issues and then on experiments investigating the aggregation behavior of these intruiging macromolecules both in the solid state and on surfaces. Additionally, experiments will be described which show that some of these dendrimers can be considered cylindrical molecular objects. The macromolecules treated in this chapter may be considered as either dendrimers with polymeric core or alternatively dendronized polymers (or polymers with appendent dendrons) depending on whether one sees them from the vantage point of an organic or macromolecular chemist. 

Chen H, Farahat MS, Law KY, Whitten DG (1996) Aggregation of surfactant squaraine dyes in aqueous solution and microheterogeneous media correlation of aggregation behavior with molecular structure. J Am Chem Soc 118 2584-2594... 

The synthesis, aggregation behavior, and catalytic activity of Rh complexes of Xantphos derivatives (129) with surface-active pendant groups have been described.416 The complex [HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3] was used as a catalyst precursor in the hydroformylation of 1-butene, 1-octene, and styrene under biphasic reaction conditions 417 The two-phase hydroformylation of buta-1,3-diene with [HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3], with excess TPPPS, gives high yields of C5-monoaldehydes.418 The coordination behavior of the catalytic species HRh(130)(CO)2] was studied by HP NMR spectroscopy which showed the desired bis-equatorial coordination of the ligand to the rhodium center.419... 

For either conventional polycrystalline semiconductors or nanotubes and nanowires to be successful, the development of model and simulation tools that can be used for device and circuit design as well as for predictive engineering must be available. Since these devices are not necessarily based on single wires or single crystals, but rather on an ensemble of particles, the aggregate behavior must be considered. Initial efforts to provide the necessary physical understanding and device models using percolation theory have been reported.64,65... 

N.G. Pschirer and U.H.F. Bunz, Poly(fluorenylene ethynylene)s by alkyne metathesis optical properties and aggregation behavior, Macromolecules, 33 3961-3963, 2000. 

The unique surface characteristics of polysiloxanes mean that they are extensively used as surfactants. Silicone surfactants have been thoroughly studied and described in numerous articles. For an extensive, in-depth discussion of this subject, a recent chapter by Hill,476 and his introductory chapter in the monograph he later edited,477 are excellent references. In the latter monograph, many aspects of silicone surfactants are described in 12 chapters. In the introduction, Hill discusses the chemistry of silicone surfactants, surface activity, aggregation behavior of silicone surfactants in various media, and their key applications in polyurethane foam manufacture, in textile and fiber industry, in personal care, and in paint and coating industries. All this information (with 200 cited references) provides a broad background for the discussion of more specific issues covered in other chapters. Thus, surfactants based on silicone polyether co-polymers are surveyed.478 Novel siloxane surfactant structures,479 surface activity and aggregation phenomena,480 silicone surfactants application in the formation of polyurethane foam,481 foam control and... 

Hoffmann, H. Ulbricht, W. Surface Activity and Aggregation Behavior of Siloxane Surfactants. In Silicone Surfactants Hill, R. M., Ed. Surfactant Science Series Dekker New York, 1999 Vol. 86, Chapter 4, pp 98-136. 

Jeng US, Lin TL, Chang TS, Lee HY, Hsu CH, Hsieh YW, Canteenwala T, Chiang LY (2001) Comparison of the aggregation behavior of water-soluble hexa(sulfobutyl)fullerenes and polyhydroxylated fullerenes for their free-radical scavenging activity. Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 118 232-237. 

To create the possibility of change, more generally, we carmot depend solely on the unit of the individual. Meaningful management needs to examine the powerful normative institutions that are unique to socially aggregated behaviors and the protection of collective interests. Environmental externalities, whether they flow out of the tailpipes of a sports utility vehicle (SUV) or the lawn at the end of a cul-de-sac, form a specifically social puzzle necessitating social-level intervention. 

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