Colloid science

Marmur [12] has presented a guide to the appropriate choice of approximate solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (Eq. V-5) for planar surfaces in an asymmetrical electrolyte. The solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation around a spherical charged particle is very important to colloid science. Explicit solutions cannot be obtained but there are extensive tabulations, known as the LOW tables [13]. For small values of o, an approximate equation is [9, 14]... 

The integration in Eq. VI-21 may be carried out for various macroscopic shapes. An important situation in colloid science, two spheres of radius a yields... 

R. J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd ed., Academic, San Diego, CA,... 

K. Nishioka and G. M. Pound, Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, ed., Wiley, New York, 1976. 

A. W. Neumann and R. J. Good, in Techniques of Measuring Contact Angles, Surface and Colloid Science, Vol. II, Experimental Methods, R. J. Good and R. R. Stromberg, ed.. Plenum, New York, 1979. 

R. J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. 

D. H. Everett, ed., Basic Principles of Colloid Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,... 

G. J. T. Tiddy, in Modem Treruis of Colloid Science in Chemistry and Biology, H. Eicke, ed., Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel, 1985 Phys. Rep., 57, 1 (1980). 

An important step in tire progress of colloid science was tire development of monodisperse polymer latex suspensions in tire 1950s. These are prepared by emulsion polymerization, which is nowadays also carried out industrially on a large scale for many different polymers. Perhaps tire best-studied colloidal model system is tliat of polystyrene (PS) latex [9]. This is prepared with a hydrophilic group (such as sulphate) at tire end of each molecule. In water tliis produces well defined spheres witli a number of end groups at tire surface, which (partly) ionize to... 

In tills section we focus on tlie tlieory of stability of charged colloids. In section C2.6.5.1 it is shown how particles can be made to aggregate by adding sufficient electrolyte. The associated aggregation kinetics are discussed in section C2.6.5.2, and tlie stmcture of tlie aggregates in section C2.6.5.3. For more details, see tlie recent reviews [53, 54 and 55], or tlie colloid science textbooks [33, 39]. 

Overbeek J Th G 1952 Kinetics of flocculation Colloid Science vol I, ed H R Kruyt (Amsterdam Elsevier) pp 278-301... 

Fliemenz P C and Ra]agopalan R 1997 Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry 3rd edn (New York Marcel Dekker) General textbook on colloid and surface science, including details about characterization methods Flunter R J 1987 and 1989 Foundations of Colloid Science vols I and II (Oxford Clarendon Press)... 

For tire purjDoses of tliis review, a nanocrystal is defined as a crystalline solid, witli feature sizes less tlian 50 nm, recovered as a purified powder from a chemical syntliesis and subsequently dissolved as isolated particles in an appropriate solvent. In many ways, tliis definition shares many features witli tliat of colloids , defined broadly as a particle tliat has some linear dimension between 1 and 1000 nm [1] tire study of nanocrystals may be drought of as a new kind of colloid science [2]. Much of die early work on colloidal metal and semiconductor particles stemmed from die photophysics and applications to electrochemistry. (See, for example, die excellent review by Henglein [3].) However, the definition of a colloid does not include any specification of die internal stmcture of die particle. Therein lies die cmcial distinction in nanocrystals, die interior crystalline stmcture is of overwhelming importance. Nanocrystals must tmly be little solids (figure C2.17.1), widi internal stmctures equivalent (or nearly equivalent) to drat of bulk materials. This is a necessary condition if size-dependent studies of nanometre-sized objects are to offer any insight into die behaviour of bulk solids. 

W. A. Steele, The Interaction of Gases with Solid Surfaces , p. 222, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1974) K. S. W. Sing in "Colloid Science (ed. D. H. Everett), Vol. 1, p. 1, Specialist Periodical Reports, Chemical Society, London (1973). 

R. J. Hunter, Zeta Potential in Colloid Science, Academic Press, Inc., London, 1981. 

H. Lyklema, Fundamentals oflnte ace and Colloid Science, Aca demic Press, London, Vol. 1, 1991 Vol. 2, 1993 further volumes in press. 

R. Suface and Colloid Science V cA. 6, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1973. 

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